求2010年诺贝尔化学奖钯催化交叉偶联反应的相关材料~会加分

求2010年诺贝尔化学奖钯催化交叉偶联反应的相关材料~会加分

碳原子化学性质不活泼，不愿相互结合。怎么让这些懒洋洋的碳原子活跃起来，好将它们凑作一堆?

一百多年前人们已经想到办法，法国科学家格林尼亚发明了一种试剂，利用镁原子强行塞给碳原子两个电子，使碳原子变得活跃。但这样的方法在合成复杂大分子的时候有很大局限，人们不能控制活跃的碳原子的行为，反应会产生一些无用的副产物。在制造大分子的过程中，副产物生成得非常多，反应效率低下。

赫克、根岸英一和铃木章通过实验发现，用钯作为催化剂可以解决这个问题。钯原子就像“媒人”一样，把不同的碳原子吸引到自己身边，使碳原子之间的距离变得很近，容易结合——也就是“偶联”，而钯原子本身不参与结合。这样的反应不需要把碳原子激活到很活跃的程度，副产物比较少，更加精确而高效。这一技术让化学家们能够精确有效地制造他们需要的复杂化合物。目前“钯催化交叉偶联反应”技术已在全球的科研、医药生产和电子工业等领域得到广泛应用。

三人的研究成果向化学家们提供“精致工具”，大大提升合成复杂化学物质的可能性。

赫克1972年率先发现，借助钯催化，不用高温和高压，碳原子间可以相互接近至可以发生反应的距离;根岸1977年和铃木1979年对这一理论作出补充，把研究范围扩大到更多有机分子，三位科学家创制了“迄今所能使用的最复杂工具之一”。
Chemical properties of carbon atoms, unwilling to mutual combination. How to make these indolent active carbon atoms, will they make a pile up?

A hundred years ago people have thought method, French scientists green Virginia invented a reagent, using magnesium atomic force to carbon atoms, make two electron becomes active carbon atoms. But this method of synthetic complex molecules in great limitations, people cannot control the behavior of active carbon atoms, will produce some worthless byproduct. In the process of manufacturing macromolecule, by-products generation very much, reaction efficiency.

Hecuba, root AnYing a chapter through experiment and suzuki, using palladium as catalyst can solve this problem. Palladium atoms as "the matchmaker", the different carbon atoms to attract his side, the distance between the carbon atom becomes very close, easily combination - namely "coupling, and palladium atoms in itself. Such reactions need not activated carbon atoms to very active degree, by-products, more accurate and less efficient. This technology allows chemists can effectively manufacturing complex compounds they need. "Palladium catalyst cross coupling reaction" technology has in the scientific research and production of global pharmaceutical and electronic industries is widely used.

Three research to provide "delicate chemists have greatly improved tool," the possibility of synthetic complex chemical substances.

First discovered in 1972 and Hecuba, without using palladium catalyst, high temperature and high pressure between carbon atoms can close to react to the distance, Root shore in 1977 and suzuki in 1979 to this theory, the study to supplement to extend more organic molecules, three scientists created a "has the most sophisticated tools can use one".

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