(三)HowdoesScienceProceed?阅读材料，回答下列的问题。Howexactlydoessciencework?Howdoscient

共享题干题 (三) How does Science Proceed?阅读材料，回答下列的问题。 How exactly does science work? How do scientists go about "doing" science? Ordinarily we think science proceeds in a straightforward way. Ideally, scientists make observations, formulate hypotheses, and test those hypotheses by making further observations. When there is difference between what is observed and what is predicted by the hypothesis, the hypothesis is reviewed. Science proceeds in this way, which is a gradual method of finding the best fit between observation and prediction. But this idealized version of how one "does" science is naive.Although science demands proof that observations made by one observer be observable by other observers using the same methods.It is by no means clear that even when confronted with identical phenomena different observers will report identical observations. And it is most certain that, even if the same observations are made, the conclusions as to the meaning of the observations frequently differ. The fact is that all of us scientists included, see differently. Variations in human perception are well known and have been studied extensively. Distortions in perceptions are frequently seen among observers, even though they may be in identical settings viewing identical phenomena. A documented misperception from history can be found in the experience of Darwin.His ship, Beagle, after anchoring off the Patagonian coast, sent off a landing party in small rowboats. Amazingly, the Patagonian natives watching from shore were blind to the Beagle, but could easily see the tiny rowboats. They have no prior experience of huge sailing ships, but small rowing vessels were an everyday part of their life. Rowboats fit their model of the world but huge ships did not.Their model determined their perceptions. Our ideas that science proceeds on an utterly objective and straightforward basis ignores the distortions of reality imposed by our own perceptual apparatus. In many cases we see what we have been trained to see, what we are used to seeing. If a subject is fitted with special glasses that are designed to invert the visual field, at first the subject sees everything upside down. After a period of time, as the glasses continue to be worn, a correction is made by our perceptual mechanism and the image is flipped, so that the world once again appears erect.1.[不定向选择题]According to the author, the distortions of reality____________.A.are related to the method of observation B.can never be avoided C.are caused by human perceptual mechanism D.can easily be corrected 2.[不定向选择题]It can be inferred form the last paragraph that human perceptual mechanism____________.A.can never be changed B.provides all objective straightforward way for observation C.can provide some sort of correction on the basis of experience D.always distorts reality

1.参考答案：C
参考解析：文章最后一段说明了造成巴塔哥尼亚人对大船视而不见的理由，其中的our own perceptual apparatus指的就是C中的human perceptual mechanism。文章最后一段很清楚地说明了对事实的扭曲是可以通过两次扭曲而得到更正的，因此B错。而这种更正是需要时间的，并不轻松，所以D错。这与观察方法毫无联系，所以A错。
2.参考答案：C
参考解析：本题可联系第37题，根据最后一段可知A、B、D均不对。3.[不定向选择题]What is the main idea of the passage?A.The research methods used by scientists. B.Observation and human perception variation. C.The relation between hypothesis and observation. D.The human perceptual mechanism.

收益了