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【分词的用法】现在分词的用法

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解决时间 2021-02-04 01:09
【分词的用法】现在分词的用法
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【答案】 1.作主语:通常被看作是单数不可数名词,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式.
  Driving fast is very dangerous.
  Swimming is my favourite sport.
  Painting is an art.
  Hearing the bad news made him cry.
  注意:现在分词作主语时,和动词不定式一样,当它是较长的短语时,常常用it作形式主语,而把现在分词放到句末.
  如:It's nice spending the holiday at the beach.
  It's tiring working late.
  现在分词作主语时的常用句型:
   a waste of time
   no good/no use
  It +be+ little/hardly any use + V-ing分词
   not/hardly worth
   worth/worthwhile
  如:It's no use complaining.
  It's no good smoking a lot.
  It's a waste of time doing such a thing.
   no
   no sense in(没有道理)
  There +be+ no point in(毫无意义) +V-ing分词
   no use in
   Nothing worse than(没有比...更糟糕的)
  如:There was no knowing what he was doing.
  There is no point (in) doing so.这么做,毫无意义.
  经常跟在it +be后面的形容词,然后接动名词作实际主语的形容词还有:
  Odd古怪的\x09Crazy疯狂的\x09Hopeless无望的\x09Nice
  Funny好笑的\x09Foolish愚蠢的\x09interesting\x09Tiring累人的
  better\x09terrible\x09Enjoyable愉快的\x09Pointless无意义的
  2作表语:-ing分词作表语多和系动词be连用.注意:如果主语用了不定式,表语也要用不定式;同样地,如果主语用的是-ing分词,表语也应用-ing分词.即,作主语和表语的动词在形式上的一致.
  如:Seeing is believing=To see is to believe.
  My favourite sport is swimming.
  Her only hobby(爱好) is collecting stamps.
  ☆注意:现在分词作表语和动词不定式作表语的区别在于:现在分词表示习惯性动作;而不定式表示一次性的具体动作.
  如:My plan is to finish my homework before tomorrow.
  My favourite sport is swimming.
  3. 作宾语
  英语中,有相当一部分动词后,只能接-ing分词作宾语.
  这类动词主要有:
  Admit承认\x09advise\x09Anticipate期望做..\x09Detest憎恨做...
  Defer推迟\x09suggest\x09Escape逃避做..\x09Quit停止做..
  Deny否认\x09Miss错过\x09Avoid避免做...\x09Tolerate忍受..
  Keep保持做...\x09Appreciate感谢...\x09Practise练习..\x09enjoy
  Mind介意\x09Consider考虑做\x09Risk冒险做...\x09Excuse原谅
  如:
  Excuse me interrupting you.
  I enjoy reading newspapers.
  I suggest you should practise speaking English every morning.
  注意:有一类动词后即可跟不定式作宾语,也可跟-ing分词作宾语.可以把这类动词分为三种类型:1)两种形式意义基本相同.2)两种形式略有差别.3)意义完全不同.
  A)两种形式意义基本相同的动词有:attempt, begin, cease(停止), continue, intend, start, commence(开始).
  如:She started to cry/crying.
  What do you intend to do/doing next?你打算接下来做什么?
  He continued to work/working.
  B)两种形式意义略有差别的动词主要有:hate, like, dislike, love, prefer等.
  如:I like playing basketball.
  I hate to trouble you.
  I prefer to go for a walk.
  I prefer singing songs.
  C)后跟不定式和-ing分词时,意义完全不同的动词有:remember, forget, regret., try, mean, chance(碰巧),cannot help...等.它们后面跟不定式表示动作还未发生,而跟现在分词表示动作已经发生.
  如:I regret to do this thing.
  I regret doing such a thing.
  Mean to do 表示打算,意欲做某事:而mean doing表示“意味着,意思是”
  如:I mean/plan to buy a house.
  Fighting means killing.
  Chance to do表示碰巧做某事;而chance doing表示冒险做某事、碰运气试着做某事
  He chanced to meet his old friend in the street.
  He chanced taking part in that race.
  Cannot help to do表示不能帮忙做某事;Cannot help doing表示情不自禁,不由得做某事
  如:I cannot help to do homework for you.
  I cannot help laughing.
  4. 作介词宾语
  除了我们已经谈到的“疑问词+不定式”可以作介词宾语外.通常情况下,只能用-ing分词作介词的宾语.但个别表示“除了...之外”的介词如“except, but, than”通常接不定式.
  如:I can do nothing except/but wait.
  后面跟-ing分词作介词宾语的短语结构主要有:
  A)“动词+介词+动名词”
  I am used to sleeping on the floor.(习惯于...)
  I am looking forward to meeting you.
  The rain stopped us from working.
  She objected to marrying him(反对)
  B)“形容词+介词+-ing分词”
  I am interested in playing basketball.
  Tom is responsible for breaking the glass.
  C)名词+介词+动名词
  There are many ways to do it/of doing it.
  He didn't go out for fear of raining.
  -ing分词的惯用搭配有:
  A)主语+have+fun/pleasure/a good time/trouble/difficulty+(in) doing sth
  如:We had a lot of fun (in) playing basketball.
  I have trouble/difficulty(in) understanding him.
  B)“There is+difficulty/trouble/pleasure+(in) doing sth”
  如:There is difficulty in passing the exam.
  There is trouble in learning a foreigh language.
  C)“be busy+(in) doing sth”
  I am busy in doing my homework.
  D) “What about/How about +-ing分词”(征求意见句型...怎么样)
  What/How about having a cup of tea?
  How about playing basketball with me?
  E)注意:有一类-ing分词和go搭配,表示“去(干...)”,这些分词大多与休闲娱乐的户外活动有关.
  常用的有:
  boating\x09Camping野营\x09Climbing爬山
  Driving驾车兜风\x09Dancing跳舞\x09Hiking徒步旅行
  Hunting打猎\x09Fishing垂钓\x09running
  Jogging慢跑\x09Ridding骑马\x09Sailing航行
  Shopping购物\x09Sightseeing观光\x09Skating滑冰
  swimming\x09Walking散步\x09Window shopping逛街
  如:We went boating yesterday.
  5.作定语
  单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前
  a running boy    
  the girl standing there (分词短语作定语,故置于所修饰名词之后)
  并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句   
  如: a boy who is running   
  a girl who is standing there
  注意:某些现在分词作定语时,已不再表示动作,已经从分词变为了形容词词性.如:an interesting story, an exciting match .这些也可以属于现在分词作定语,但是不能转化为相应的定语从句.但是可以有三级变化(原级、比较级、 最高级)和被某些副词如very修饰.
  6.作宾语补语
  只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补    
  1)感官动词或心理状态的动词:see,hear,watch,feel,notice,observe,find,listen to,look at   
  2)表示致使意义的动词:make, have,get,catch,leave,keep, let 
  注意:但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词(有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补)   
  eg.I saw him singing now.
  和 I saw him sing in the house.
  注意 :宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者.
  7.作状语
  分词作状语时的逻辑主语(即分词动作的发出者)一般要与句中主语保持一致.若逻辑主语和分词动作之间为主动,用主动.反之,用被动.
  A)作时间状语   
  如:.Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时,我看到他了
  可以转化为一个时间状语从句:When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him.
  注意:当我要强调正在进行的动作时 我们可以在分词前面加上when/while   那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.(其实这是省略了从句中的I was,因为从句的主语和主句一致).
  如果句子为:
  When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 当他走在街上,我看到他了.
  这里,由于从句主语和主句主语不一致,故不可省略.
  B)作条件状语   
  如: Working hard,you will succeed. (只要)努力工作,你就会成功.
  可以转换为if引导的状语从句.即:If you work hard, you will succeed.
  C)作原因状语   
  如: Being ill,she stayed at home. (因为)生病,她留在家里   
  注意 being是常用来作原因状语的  
  这句可以转换为相应的原因状语从句:Because/As she was ill, she stayed at home.
  D)作让步状语   
  如. Having failed many times,he didn't lose heart. 有很多次失败,他没有灰心.
  =Although he had failed many times, he didn't lose heart.
  E)作结果状语   
  如: His friend died,leaving Tom a lot of money, 他的朋友死了,(所以)给汤姆留了很多钱.
  =His friend died, so he left Tom a lot of money.
  F)作方式状语   
  如:Please answer the question using another way. 请用另一种方式回答这个问题
  G)作伴随状语,表示现在分词的动作正在进行中.
  如:
  He sat on the chair, singing songs.
  They left the shop, satisfied.
  The worked for a whole day, exhausted.
  They watching TV in the living room, I was cooking in the kitchen.
  8. 现在分词的独立主格
  (1)独立主格,又叫独立结构,在句中作状语.它没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式.
  (2)独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,用逗号与主句隔开. 独立主格结构可分为两部分,一部分是名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作.
  如:He entered the room, his nose red with cold.(名词/代词+形容词)
   He lay on his back, his hands behind his head.(名词/代词+介词短语)
   He entered the classroom, a book in his hand.
   He lay on the bed, his eyes closed.
   A good student, he always studies very hard.
   Whatever the reason, Bob went aboard finally.
  
  (3)这和我们学过的”with的复合结构”是差不多的,只不过它要比独立主格多个with.
  (4)分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致”不难发现我每次在叙述这句话时都加上”一般”二字 那也就是说也有特殊的时候 就是分词的逻辑主语不和句中主语保持一致 也就是拥有了自己的独自的逻辑主语 那么也就是该用独立主格的时候了.
  如:Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.冬天来了 天变的越来越冷了  
  注意这句话,我们不难发现it在句中指代的是”天气” .那么当我把winter去掉的时候,那在形式上就是纯粹的分词作状语.那么我们也就是默认了coming的动作是由it(天气)发出来的.但是我们不妨翻译一下”当天气来的时候,天气变的越来越冷了.”显然句意不通.那么就是说coming的逻辑主语不是it(天气),也就是coming拥有自己的逻辑主语.那么也就是winter,因为coming的动作是由winter发出的.
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