大学有机下册重点
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解决时间 2021-03-31 01:17
- 提问者网友：棒棒糖
- 2021-03-30 08:19
大学有机下册重点
最佳答案
- 五星知识达人网友：廢物販賣機
- 2021-03-30 09:53
三乙 丙二酸酯的合成题
Claisen酯缩合
Sandmeyer反应
电环化反应的条件(加热 光照)
氢谱 碳谱 红外
以上是肯定会考的东西
除了电环化其他都是大题
具体的看你们老师了。
Claisen酯缩合
Sandmeyer反应
电环化反应的条件(加热 光照)
氢谱 碳谱 红外
以上是肯定会考的东西
除了电环化其他都是大题
具体的看你们老师了。
全部回答
- 1楼网友：鸠书
- 2021-03-30 12:15
Organic Chemistry (Carey 5th)
CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Structure Determines Properties
1. Concepts:
① Atom, Electron and Orbital
② Ionic, Covalent, Polar Covalent Bond / Electronegativity
③ Lewis Structures/ Formal Charge/ Resonance
④ The Shapes of Molecules
⑤ Hybridization
⑥ Inductive effect
⑦ Theory of acid and base including Conjugate Acids & Bases/Lewis base & acid/ Brǿnsted base & acid
CHAPTER 2: Hydrocarbon Frameworks. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
1. Concepts:
① Nomenclature and Conformational Analysis (IUPAC nomenclature involving spirocyclic and bicyclic compounds, Ethane, Butane, Cyclohexanes and Decalin conformation analysis, Ring strain)
② Diagrams--include Newman projection, Wedge-dash, Sawhorse diagrams
③ Reaction Classification/ Reaction Variables/ Reactive Intermediates (cation, anion, radical, carbene)
④ Structures of Carbocation/ Radical/ Carbanion
⑤ Reaction mechanism in general: Bond cleavage Models/ Activation Energy, Reaction Heat/ Thermodynamic Control and Kinetic Control/ Hammond Postulate
2. Reaction:
① Radical Monohalogenation of alkane, Meachanism
② Reaction rate/ Calculating the amounts of products
③ General Selectivity of Radical Halogenations (α-position of unsaturated compound: CH-C=C; CH-C三CH)
CHAPTER 3: Stereochemistry
1. Concepts:
① Isomers: Stereoisomers/ Configurational Stereoisomers of Alkenes/ Chirality (Plane of Symmetry), Optical Activity ( DL), Stereocenter
② Fischer Projections
③ R or S Configuration (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R/S Notation)
④ Racemic mixture; Meso-compound; Diastereomers and Enationmer (including Erythro and Threo enatiomers)
⑤ Properties of Stereoisomers, Resolution
⑥ Simple compounds with stereo-centers (C / N / S atoms); C2-axial (biphenyl, allene,); Cycloalkanes
CHAPTER 4: Alkyl Halides Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature Alkyl Halide
② Nucleophilic reagent (Nu-) and base (B-)
③ Nucleophilicity and Basity
④ Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1 and SN2) and β-Elimination(E1 and E2)
2. Reactions:
① Nucleophilic Substitution: (water, NaCN, halide anion_halogen transformation, alkoxide ions), pay attention to the stereochemistry.
② Alkyl Halides with AgNO3 induced the formation cabocation SN1 or E1; compared with the formation of acetylides from terminal alkynes.
③ β-Elimination: Dehydrohalogenation, Saytzeff rule and Hofmann Elimination, pay attention to steric base and the structure of substrate.
3. Mechanism:
① SN1 and SN2 involved stereochemistry, rearrangements of carbocations, and the effect of reaction variations such as Nucleophile, Substrate, Leaving group and Solvent
② E1 and E2 involved region-selectivity, stereochemistry, and the effect of reaction variations such as Base, and Substrate.
CHAPTER 5: Alkenes and Their Reactions
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature
② Configuration isomers of alkene, Stability
③ Clarify the Electrophile
④ Rearrangement of Carbocation
2. Reactions:
④ Electrophlic Addition of HX, H2O, Cl2 and Br2, Cl2+H2O (or HClO)
⑤ Addition with BH3, Hg(AcO)2, radical addition of HBr
⑥ Oxidation (KMnO4, Ozonolysis, HIO4)
⑦ Reduction with H2
⑧ Addition of cyclopropane
3. Mechanism:
③ Electrophlic Addition to C=C, stereochemistry.
④ Bromonium ion
4. Emphasis:
Oxidation with KMnO4
CHAPTER 6: Alkynes and Reaction of Alkynes
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature
② The acidity of terminal alkynes
③ Stabilities of Carbocations
2. Reactions:
① Electrophlic Addition of HX, H2O, Cl2 and Br2
② Addition with BH3, HgSO4
③ Reaction of acetylide, which was derived from the reaction of terminal Alkynes with strong base, Ag, and Cu.
④ Reduction with H2(Lindlar’s Pd, ), Na/NH3(l)
3. Synthesis:
① From actylide
② From Alkyl halids (1,2-dihalo compounds, vinyl halides) via elemination
4. Emphasis:
The elimination of vinyl halides
CHAPTER 7: Conjugation in Alkadienes and Allylic Systems
1. Concepts:
① Conjugation (π–π, p –π, σ–π)
② The strength of conjugation
③ Resonance
④ Allylic Systems
⑤ Molecular Orbitals
2. Reactions:
① Preparation of Conjugated Dienes
② Electrophilic Addition of Conjugated Dienes (1,2- and 1,4 addition)
③ Diels-Alder Reaction
④ Reaction of allylic system: NBS, SN2
CHAPTER 8: Alcohols and Reactions
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature
2. Reactions:
① Williamson Ether Synthesis
② Halogenation (HX and PX3, SOCl2)
③ Dehydration
④ Leaving group transformation (Sulfonate and Halide for Substitution, pay attention to the stereochemistry), and the corresponding substituted/elimination reaction (depending on the existence of base or nucleophile).
⑤ Oxidation
⑥ Reaction of 1,2-diol: Oxidation, Pinacol Rearrangement (pay attention to the tendency of group, anti-shift)
CHAPTER 9: Aromaticity and Reactions of Benzene
1. Concepts:
① Aromatic and Anti-aromatic (Resonance Energy, Stabilities, Hückel's Rule, MO theory
② Clarify aromatic compounds (involving annulenes, Hetercycle compounds π-electron rich and poor systems, ions)
③ Electronic effects (inductive effect and conjugated effect)
④ Nomenclature of Benzene, Naphthalene, Biphenyl, Annulenes, and other Hetercycle compounds (furan, pyrrole, imidazole, pyridine, thiophene, thiazole).
⑤ Effect of aromatic stabilization on reactions of benzenen (and other aromatic compounds)
2. Reactions:
① Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of benzene (Halogenation, Nitration, Sulfonation, FC-Alkylation, FC-Acylation, chloromethylation)
3. Mechanism:
① Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
CHAPTER 10: Benzene Derivatives and the Reactions of Substituted Benzenes
1. Concepts:
① Benzene Derivatives (Phenol, Aniline, Benzene Halide, benzoic acid) and Nomenclature
② Directing effects in Electophilic Aromatic Substitution ( EAS )
③ Activation or deactivation
④ Cumulative effects of the substituents
2. Reactions:
① Electophilic Aromatic Substitution of substituted benzene (Halogenation, Nitration, Sulfonation, FC-Alkylation, Acylation), pay attention to the effects of substitutents
② EAS Reactions of Naphthalene
③ The Reaction of Benzylic Systems (Radically halogenated, Oxidation at a Benzylic position, Nucleophilic substitution, Elimination, Addition)
④ Nucleophilic Substitution of Aryl Halides (two path, Addition–Elimination, Elimination –Addition, benzyne)
3. Synthesis
① Substituted benzene
CHAPTER 11: Aldehydes and Ketones Nucleophilic Addition to C=O
1. Concepts:
⑤ Structure and Nomenclature
⑥ Reactivity of Carbonyl group
⑦ Diastereoselectivity in Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of acyclic substrates (Cram Modle)
2. Reactions:
② Nucleophilic Addition to C=O (Different nucleophiles: C, N, O, S)
③ Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Ketone (Mechanism, migration tendencies of groups)
④ Reduction (Complex Metal Hydrides, Wolff-Kishner Reduction, Clemmensen Reduction, Catalytic Hydrogenation, Cannizzaro Reaction)
3. Mechanism:
① Nucleophilic Addition to C=O
CHAPTER 12: Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reaction
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature (Carboxylic acid, Ester, Amide, Acyl halide, Anhydride)
② Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
③ Properties: the acidity of Carboxylic Acids, the m.p. and b.p. of Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives
2. Reactions:
① Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reaction (hydrolysis, alcoholysis, aminolysis)
② Reduction (Complex Metal Hydrides)
③ Reactions with organometallic reagents (Alkyl lithium reagents and Grignard’s reagents)
④ Decarboxylation
⑤ Rearrangements of Cationic or Electron Deficient Nitrogen (Beckmann Rearrangement, Hofmann Rearrangement, Curtius Rearrangement)
CHAPTER 13: Enol and Enolate-Reactions at theα-Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds
1. Concepts:
① the acidity of hydrogen on α- carbon; tautomer, enol and enolate; the stability of enol and enolate ion
② Vinylagous Systems (Hydroxyl Acidity)
2. Reactions:
① α- halogenation, Haloform reaction, Aldol (cross) condensation, Mannich Reaction
② Ester condensation (Claisen condensation, Dieckmen condensation, Cross ester-ketone condensation), Reformatsky Reaction, Darzens Reaction
③ Robinson annulation, Michael Reaction, α-carbon alkylation (ketone, active methylene systems)
3. Synthesis:
① From active methylene systems (Substituted Acetone Synthesis, Substituted Acetic Acid Synthesis)
CHAPTER 15: Amines and the Reaction of Amines
1. Concepts:
① Nomenclature (Quaternary Ammonium salts , Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxide)
② Structure, Basicity and Acidity
③ Phase-Transfer Catalysis
④ Cis-, trans-configuration of imine
2. Reactions:
① Preparation of Amines (Alkylation, Gabriel Primary Amine Synthesis, Reduction of Azides, Nitriles, Nitroarene, Imine)
② Nitrosation of amines
③ Synthetic Transformations of Aryl Diazonium Salts, Azo-coupling
④ Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxide and Hofmann Elimination
3. Synthesis:
① The synthesis of Amine (Reduction, alkylation, Gabriel synthesis)
② Aryl Diazonium Salts, Azo-coupling
CHAPTER 16: Phenol and Benzoquinone
1. Concepts:
① Nomenclature
② Structure, Acidity of Phenol
2. Reactions:
① Substitution of the Hydroxyl Hydrogen (ether synthesis)
② Electrophilic Substitution of the Phenol Aromatic Ring
③ React with Br2
④ Acylation of Phenols
⑤ Oxidation of Phenols
CHAPTER 17 Ethers and Epoxides
1. Concepts:
① Nomenclature and properties
② Crown ether
2. Reactions:
① Acid-Catalyzed Cleavage of Ethers
② The Williamson Ether Synthesis
③ Preparation of Epoxides (Oxidation, Darzens Reaction, Intramolecular Williamson Ether Synthesis), pay attention to the stereochemistry!
④ Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Reactions of Epoxides (Acidic and Basic-condition), pay attention to the stereochemistry!
CHAPTER 18 Introduction of Analytical Chemistry
① 1H-NMR Chemical Shift, Number of signals, Splitting pattern, Coupling Constant
② IR functional groups (Carbonyl, Hydroxy and Amino group)
这是所有的重点了，看看你下册的内容是什么就哪些是重点了
CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Structure Determines Properties
1. Concepts:
① Atom, Electron and Orbital
② Ionic, Covalent, Polar Covalent Bond / Electronegativity
③ Lewis Structures/ Formal Charge/ Resonance
④ The Shapes of Molecules
⑤ Hybridization
⑥ Inductive effect
⑦ Theory of acid and base including Conjugate Acids & Bases/Lewis base & acid/ Brǿnsted base & acid
CHAPTER 2: Hydrocarbon Frameworks. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
1. Concepts:
① Nomenclature and Conformational Analysis (IUPAC nomenclature involving spirocyclic and bicyclic compounds, Ethane, Butane, Cyclohexanes and Decalin conformation analysis, Ring strain)
② Diagrams--include Newman projection, Wedge-dash, Sawhorse diagrams
③ Reaction Classification/ Reaction Variables/ Reactive Intermediates (cation, anion, radical, carbene)
④ Structures of Carbocation/ Radical/ Carbanion
⑤ Reaction mechanism in general: Bond cleavage Models/ Activation Energy, Reaction Heat/ Thermodynamic Control and Kinetic Control/ Hammond Postulate
2. Reaction:
① Radical Monohalogenation of alkane, Meachanism
② Reaction rate/ Calculating the amounts of products
③ General Selectivity of Radical Halogenations (α-position of unsaturated compound: CH-C=C; CH-C三CH)
CHAPTER 3: Stereochemistry
1. Concepts:
① Isomers: Stereoisomers/ Configurational Stereoisomers of Alkenes/ Chirality (Plane of Symmetry), Optical Activity ( DL), Stereocenter
② Fischer Projections
③ R or S Configuration (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R/S Notation)
④ Racemic mixture; Meso-compound; Diastereomers and Enationmer (including Erythro and Threo enatiomers)
⑤ Properties of Stereoisomers, Resolution
⑥ Simple compounds with stereo-centers (C / N / S atoms); C2-axial (biphenyl, allene,); Cycloalkanes
CHAPTER 4: Alkyl Halides Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature Alkyl Halide
② Nucleophilic reagent (Nu-) and base (B-)
③ Nucleophilicity and Basity
④ Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1 and SN2) and β-Elimination(E1 and E2)
2. Reactions:
① Nucleophilic Substitution: (water, NaCN, halide anion_halogen transformation, alkoxide ions), pay attention to the stereochemistry.
② Alkyl Halides with AgNO3 induced the formation cabocation SN1 or E1; compared with the formation of acetylides from terminal alkynes.
③ β-Elimination: Dehydrohalogenation, Saytzeff rule and Hofmann Elimination, pay attention to steric base and the structure of substrate.
3. Mechanism:
① SN1 and SN2 involved stereochemistry, rearrangements of carbocations, and the effect of reaction variations such as Nucleophile, Substrate, Leaving group and Solvent
② E1 and E2 involved region-selectivity, stereochemistry, and the effect of reaction variations such as Base, and Substrate.
CHAPTER 5: Alkenes and Their Reactions
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature
② Configuration isomers of alkene, Stability
③ Clarify the Electrophile
④ Rearrangement of Carbocation
2. Reactions:
④ Electrophlic Addition of HX, H2O, Cl2 and Br2, Cl2+H2O (or HClO)
⑤ Addition with BH3, Hg(AcO)2, radical addition of HBr
⑥ Oxidation (KMnO4, Ozonolysis, HIO4)
⑦ Reduction with H2
⑧ Addition of cyclopropane
3. Mechanism:
③ Electrophlic Addition to C=C, stereochemistry.
④ Bromonium ion
4. Emphasis:
Oxidation with KMnO4
CHAPTER 6: Alkynes and Reaction of Alkynes
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature
② The acidity of terminal alkynes
③ Stabilities of Carbocations
2. Reactions:
① Electrophlic Addition of HX, H2O, Cl2 and Br2
② Addition with BH3, HgSO4
③ Reaction of acetylide, which was derived from the reaction of terminal Alkynes with strong base, Ag, and Cu.
④ Reduction with H2(Lindlar’s Pd, ), Na/NH3(l)
3. Synthesis:
① From actylide
② From Alkyl halids (1,2-dihalo compounds, vinyl halides) via elemination
4. Emphasis:
The elimination of vinyl halides
CHAPTER 7: Conjugation in Alkadienes and Allylic Systems
1. Concepts:
① Conjugation (π–π, p –π, σ–π)
② The strength of conjugation
③ Resonance
④ Allylic Systems
⑤ Molecular Orbitals
2. Reactions:
① Preparation of Conjugated Dienes
② Electrophilic Addition of Conjugated Dienes (1,2- and 1,4 addition)
③ Diels-Alder Reaction
④ Reaction of allylic system: NBS, SN2
CHAPTER 8: Alcohols and Reactions
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature
2. Reactions:
① Williamson Ether Synthesis
② Halogenation (HX and PX3, SOCl2)
③ Dehydration
④ Leaving group transformation (Sulfonate and Halide for Substitution, pay attention to the stereochemistry), and the corresponding substituted/elimination reaction (depending on the existence of base or nucleophile).
⑤ Oxidation
⑥ Reaction of 1,2-diol: Oxidation, Pinacol Rearrangement (pay attention to the tendency of group, anti-shift)
CHAPTER 9: Aromaticity and Reactions of Benzene
1. Concepts:
① Aromatic and Anti-aromatic (Resonance Energy, Stabilities, Hückel's Rule, MO theory
② Clarify aromatic compounds (involving annulenes, Hetercycle compounds π-electron rich and poor systems, ions)
③ Electronic effects (inductive effect and conjugated effect)
④ Nomenclature of Benzene, Naphthalene, Biphenyl, Annulenes, and other Hetercycle compounds (furan, pyrrole, imidazole, pyridine, thiophene, thiazole).
⑤ Effect of aromatic stabilization on reactions of benzenen (and other aromatic compounds)
2. Reactions:
① Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of benzene (Halogenation, Nitration, Sulfonation, FC-Alkylation, FC-Acylation, chloromethylation)
3. Mechanism:
① Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
CHAPTER 10: Benzene Derivatives and the Reactions of Substituted Benzenes
1. Concepts:
① Benzene Derivatives (Phenol, Aniline, Benzene Halide, benzoic acid) and Nomenclature
② Directing effects in Electophilic Aromatic Substitution ( EAS )
③ Activation or deactivation
④ Cumulative effects of the substituents
2. Reactions:
① Electophilic Aromatic Substitution of substituted benzene (Halogenation, Nitration, Sulfonation, FC-Alkylation, Acylation), pay attention to the effects of substitutents
② EAS Reactions of Naphthalene
③ The Reaction of Benzylic Systems (Radically halogenated, Oxidation at a Benzylic position, Nucleophilic substitution, Elimination, Addition)
④ Nucleophilic Substitution of Aryl Halides (two path, Addition–Elimination, Elimination –Addition, benzyne)
3. Synthesis
① Substituted benzene
CHAPTER 11: Aldehydes and Ketones Nucleophilic Addition to C=O
1. Concepts:
⑤ Structure and Nomenclature
⑥ Reactivity of Carbonyl group
⑦ Diastereoselectivity in Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of acyclic substrates (Cram Modle)
2. Reactions:
② Nucleophilic Addition to C=O (Different nucleophiles: C, N, O, S)
③ Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Ketone (Mechanism, migration tendencies of groups)
④ Reduction (Complex Metal Hydrides, Wolff-Kishner Reduction, Clemmensen Reduction, Catalytic Hydrogenation, Cannizzaro Reaction)
3. Mechanism:
① Nucleophilic Addition to C=O
CHAPTER 12: Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reaction
1. Concepts:
① Structure and Nomenclature (Carboxylic acid, Ester, Amide, Acyl halide, Anhydride)
② Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
③ Properties: the acidity of Carboxylic Acids, the m.p. and b.p. of Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives
2. Reactions:
① Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reaction (hydrolysis, alcoholysis, aminolysis)
② Reduction (Complex Metal Hydrides)
③ Reactions with organometallic reagents (Alkyl lithium reagents and Grignard’s reagents)
④ Decarboxylation
⑤ Rearrangements of Cationic or Electron Deficient Nitrogen (Beckmann Rearrangement, Hofmann Rearrangement, Curtius Rearrangement)
CHAPTER 13: Enol and Enolate-Reactions at theα-Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds
1. Concepts:
① the acidity of hydrogen on α- carbon; tautomer, enol and enolate; the stability of enol and enolate ion
② Vinylagous Systems (Hydroxyl Acidity)
2. Reactions:
① α- halogenation, Haloform reaction, Aldol (cross) condensation, Mannich Reaction
② Ester condensation (Claisen condensation, Dieckmen condensation, Cross ester-ketone condensation), Reformatsky Reaction, Darzens Reaction
③ Robinson annulation, Michael Reaction, α-carbon alkylation (ketone, active methylene systems)
3. Synthesis:
① From active methylene systems (Substituted Acetone Synthesis, Substituted Acetic Acid Synthesis)
CHAPTER 15: Amines and the Reaction of Amines
1. Concepts:
① Nomenclature (Quaternary Ammonium salts , Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxide)
② Structure, Basicity and Acidity
③ Phase-Transfer Catalysis
④ Cis-, trans-configuration of imine
2. Reactions:
① Preparation of Amines (Alkylation, Gabriel Primary Amine Synthesis, Reduction of Azides, Nitriles, Nitroarene, Imine)
② Nitrosation of amines
③ Synthetic Transformations of Aryl Diazonium Salts, Azo-coupling
④ Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxide and Hofmann Elimination
3. Synthesis:
① The synthesis of Amine (Reduction, alkylation, Gabriel synthesis)
② Aryl Diazonium Salts, Azo-coupling
CHAPTER 16: Phenol and Benzoquinone
1. Concepts:
① Nomenclature
② Structure, Acidity of Phenol
2. Reactions:
① Substitution of the Hydroxyl Hydrogen (ether synthesis)
② Electrophilic Substitution of the Phenol Aromatic Ring
③ React with Br2
④ Acylation of Phenols
⑤ Oxidation of Phenols
CHAPTER 17 Ethers and Epoxides
1. Concepts:
① Nomenclature and properties
② Crown ether
2. Reactions:
① Acid-Catalyzed Cleavage of Ethers
② The Williamson Ether Synthesis
③ Preparation of Epoxides (Oxidation, Darzens Reaction, Intramolecular Williamson Ether Synthesis), pay attention to the stereochemistry!
④ Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Reactions of Epoxides (Acidic and Basic-condition), pay attention to the stereochemistry!
CHAPTER 18 Introduction of Analytical Chemistry
① 1H-NMR Chemical Shift, Number of signals, Splitting pattern, Coupling Constant
② IR functional groups (Carbonyl, Hydroxy and Amino group)
这是所有的重点了，看看你下册的内容是什么就哪些是重点了
- 2楼网友：低音帝王
- 2021-03-30 11:29
你最好问你的师兄师姐，每个学校教材不一样，不好说，他们最了解
- 3楼网友：纵马山川剑自提
- 2021-03-30 10:22
三乙 丙二酸酯的合成题
Claisen酯缩合
Sandmeyer反应
电环化反应的条件(加热 光照)
氢谱 碳谱 红外
以上是肯定会考的东西
除了电环化其他都是大题
我15号也考有机
Claisen酯缩合
Sandmeyer反应
电环化反应的条件(加热 光照)
氢谱 碳谱 红外
以上是肯定会考的东西
除了电环化其他都是大题
我15号也考有机
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