帮帮忙!怎样理解"对外贸易处在逆差地位"?

帮帮忙!怎样理解"对外贸易处在逆差地位"?

与其他国家进行贸易往来时，贸易收入小于贸易支出即处于逆差地位，也叫入超

from the late 1970s china's reform and opening-up policy, china and the united states the economic and trade relations have made considerable progress. according to the chinese ministry of commerce website provides data, in 1979 the sino-us trade volume was 2.45 billion u.s. dollars, the 2005 sino-us trade volume reached 211.63 billion u.s. dollars. in 2005, china's exports to the united states 162.9 billion u.s. dollars, and imports from the united states 48.73 billion u.s. dollars, the surplus of 114.77 billion u.s. dollars. according to u.s. statistics, the 2005 u.s. trade deficit with china surged 24.5 percent to 201.6 billion u.s. dollars. sino-us trade ,1979-1982, the united states for the surplus, the deficit began to appear in 1983, 1996 trade deficit amounted to 39.5 billion u.s. dollars. china's statistics indicated that in 1979-1992 in 14 years, china has been for the deficit to surplus since 1993, the 1996 surplus of 10.5 billion u.s. dollars. clearly, china and the united states on bilateral trade balance of the statistics there is a clear difference. first, the actual size of sino-us trade deficit just how » u.s. statistics methods overestimate the sino-us trade deficit is due to: on the one hand, the united states to re-export trade of hong kong, china in general terms the sino-us trade, but it in fact a high proportion should be attributed to china, other countries or regions through hong kong's re-export trade; on the other hand, the united states in terms of china's import and export, according to the amount of offshore export prices, the amount of the cif value of imports, thereby handling, transport and insurance costs double the amount of the sino-us trade deficit. china and the united states in the last five years, official statistics as shown in table 1, it shows that the two sides calculate the deviation of the trade deficit despite decreasing trend, but still large, the united states of existing statistical methods seriously overestimated the sino-us trade the actual amount deficit. even taking into account the differences in statistical methods to sino-us trade deficit of the amendment (between between the two, but closer to the official figures), the adjusted amount of the deficit is still far higher than its real value, mainly due lies in the international industrial transfer and china's trade patterns. china's rapid economic development in the process of china due to relatively low production costs and there is an obvious comparative advantages, many countries or regions of the manufacturing industry gradually shift to china, it will be the one hand, these countries or regions of the u.s. trade surplus transferred to china on the other hand to promote the processing trade in china's development. at present, china's processing trade of the total trade volume of more than 50 percent, most of which are from foreign-invested enterprises carried out. processing trade patterns are two outstanding production and trade, that is dependent on imported raw materials, the final product mainly used for export and, because of low labour costs, the tax on foreign-funded enterprises, and other preferential measures, the majority of added value into the pockets of foreign investors the chinese government and staff from the very limited. u.s. trade deficit from the regional structure, the european union and the middle east and other regions share a clear upward trend, while the southeast asian region as a whole with the u.s. trade deficit showed a downward trend; united states trade deficit with china, in fact, to a large extent japan, south korea and other southeast asian countries or regions, through the transfer of manufacturing to china and to transfer their trade surplus with the united states to china. china's low labor wages, the existence of tax incentives to foreign investors, such industrial transfer and the transfer of trade surplus with the most interest from foreign investors and their home country was, but in the international balance of payments showed a surplus for the rise of china. the level of economic development of sino-us and sino-us industrial point of view, the united states between the very strong economic complementarity: china's labor-intensive products have a comparative advantage, the united states in technology-intensive products have a comparative advantage. in accordance with the normal pattern of international trade, the two sides focus on their respective comparative advantages of production, and through trade exchanges, can greatly promote the economic development and improve people's standard of living. however, the united states government, through restrictions on high-tech products to china's exports, resulting in the sino-us reasonable international division of labor artificially distorting the same time, because of the international industrial transfer and china's processing trade patterns, making china not yet have a comparative advantage in high-tech products production and exports increased rapidly, in fact over 80 percent of the high-tech products export by two of the outstanding foreign-funded enterprises. therefore, the formation of sino-us enormous trade deficit, mainly due to three reasons: the u.s. government's export restrictions on high-tech products caused a certain degree of sino-us trade imbalance, the international industrial transfer and china's processing trade has expanded substantially in the mode u.s. trade deficit with the amount of statistical methods and the u.s. further serious overestimation of the size of the sino-us trade deficit. second, the united states since the sino-us trade in the interests of the great because of the short-term economic development, technological progress and industrial restructuring, such as the role of economic laws, the u.s. industrial structure has undergone tremendous changes in agriculture and manufacturing in gdp and employment, the proportion of the growing decline in the u.s. economy is entering an information and services of the post-industrial era. in the united states and other developed countries in the west-led international economic system, the united states through imports of cheap consumer goods, exports of higher value-added high-tech products, to enjoy the international division of labor and the enormous international trade interests. at the same time, the u.s. economy and the dollar's hegemonic position, not only the united states can fully enjoy such benefits, but can also access the huge "seigniorage" proceeds. according to the profits of international trade theory, trade between china and the united states, the united states not only to enjoy the benefits of the international division of labor, also was to participate in international trade after the distribution of profits. first of sino-us trade in the united states access to the exchange profits. china is a developing country, low labour costs, but a shortage of funds, technology is relatively backward. the united states is the developed countries, capital adequacy, technology, but labor costs are high. china's major exports to the united states textiles, clothing, shoes, toys, household appliances and travel bags, and other labor-intensive products. major u.s. exports to china aircraft, power equipment, machinery equipment, electronic devices, communications equipment and chemicals, such as capital-and technology-intensive products, as well as grain, cotton and other agricultural products. the product structure of trade complementarity and mutual benefit, and effectively promoted the development of trade between the two countries. china to the u.s. market with the cheap goods, not only to meet the needs of u.s. consumers, but also for the u.s. economy, two major benefits: first, the united states can be a lot of resources to high-tech industries, promote the industry structural optimization and maintain its leading position; second, these cheap chinese exports to the united states to maintain price stability, the u.s. government can use low tax rates, high fiscal deficits, low interest rates, such as expansionary fiscal monetary policy to stimulate the economy and maintain huge military spending at the same time without having to worry about the impact of inflation on the economy. only trade itself, despite the rapid growth of sino-us trade can promote the economic development of both, but the most in the interests of u.s. businesses are. china's import and export over 50% of the foreign investment mainly to the processing trade, processing trade in the proportion of sino-us trade is nearly 70%. as tax relief and land concessions, the chinese government from foreign-funded enterprises received less than the interests of domestic enterprises and chinese employees because of lower wages, longer working hours and domestic enterprises has lagged behind in the social welfare measures, they are to the interests of the people are usually lower than expected. on the contrary, foreign investors through the global scope of transfer pricing, profit sharing and the distribution of dividends, enjoy far more than the interest on the accounting book. of course, the more the united states since the sino-us trade in the interests of the analysis does not include exports of chinese products to the united states warehousing, transport, wholesale, retail, insurance and financial industries, such as the third of the contributions to employment and output. according to the basic tenets of international trade, the u.s. trade deficit means that the outflow of dollars that americans have for too much consumption of imported goods to pay, they pay what it »tips lies in its international balance of payments of capital and financial accounts. americans pay for imports of goods, there are three ways: first, activate the money machine printing dollar bills, the cost far less than the value of dollars on behalf of, the mint is the difference between the tax, the dollar's hegemonic position and such are accepted in the united states means that the way to other countries or regions taxation and the other is issuing treasury bonds for the purchase of other countries or regions, its essence is a low interest rate to borrow money from other countries or regions; third, the export commodities exchange. as part of the trade deficit is essentially the first two ways of a certain kind of: either through exporting dollars to other countries or regions taxation, or to other countries or regions to buy u.s. bonds at low interest rates to borrow money abroad. the united states a huge foreign trade deficit is one of the reasons for its basic economic system and the effect of the decision. u.s. industrial structure adjustment of the main problems: the world after the second world war with the vigorous development of scientific and technological revolution triggered by the world industrial development in the history of the third large-scale industrial transfer, the u.s. multinational companies to use its monopoly owned by a variety of advantages, substantial investment in developing countries, labor-intensive, resource-and energy consumption and pollution large industries and low value-added processing industries and processes transfers to developing countries, and the domestic focus on the development of high-tech industries and services. the united states this industrial restructuring, accelerate the pace of its imports. at the same time, the 20th since the 1990s, the united states to use its scientific and technological advantages, production advantages, such as the united states to create the most favourable international division of labor pattern. tnc's internal trade within the industry and foreign trade as the u.s. trade deficit soaring main reasons. u.s. multinational corporations in a large number of subsidiaries around the world. the original national production or exports of goods and services a large number of overseas subsidiaries into the huge production and exports, and the corresponding increase in u.s. companies from the overseas subsidiaries of u.s. imports, thus expanding the u.s. "foreign trade deficit." china's labor-intensive products exported to the u.s. industrial structure adjustment. because the united states on china's use of trade, can be labor-intensive industries to overseas and domestic rely on imports to meet the needs, the united states to focus on capital and labour to a knowledge-based new technology industries and the service sector, the industrial structure adjustment. in recent years the sino-us trade from the main commodity structure, essentially a bilateral trade imbalance between china and the united states and rational international division of labour, china is playing by the two comparative advantages - industries with comparative advantages between the industries of the comparative advantages as a result. 2002 china's exports to the u.s. top five of goods were miscellaneous manufactured articles (18.44%), office machinery and automatic data processing equipment (11.7 percent), telecommunications and sound recording and playback device equipment (10.74%), xiexue (8.7%), electrical machinery apparatus (8.09 percent). from the above data, in recent years china's exports to the u.s. mainly to the textile and apparel trade and economic pattern has begun to change, computer communications products in the share of exports increased. but one very important issue is china's high-tech products exports are still the mainstream of the processing trade, specifically the processing trade export volume of hi-tech products accounted for 89.65 percent of total exports, china's exports to the u.s. is still essentially labour-intensive - type products. 1997-2001, u.s. exports to china's 20 major products, the export volume of the top five are: the aircraft, communications equipment, tubes, oil-bearing species, and automatic data processing machines. u.s. exports to china are obviously high-tech design and marketing-oriented and technology-intensive, capital-intensive products as well as with strong international competitiveness of agricultural products, but because the united states toward china has implemented stringent high-tech export controls, so that the united states china to play a comparative advantage, the two sides complement each other's products also not be fully reflected, the sino-us trade imbalance is the most fundamental reason.