高分急求句法学的相关知识.要英文的.

Syntax (句法学)
What is syntax?
----a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
Categories
Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence,a noun phrase or a verb.The most central categories to the syntactic study are the word-level categories (traditionally,parts of speech)
Phrase categories and their structures
Phrase categories----the syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase categories,such as NP(N),VP(V),AP(A),PP(P).
Phrase structure rules
The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule,such as:
NP  (Det) + N +(PP)……e.g.those people,the fish on the plate,pretty girls.
VP  (Qual) + V + (NP)……e.g.always play games,finish assignments.
AP  (Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome,very pessimistic,familiar with,very close to
PP  (Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf,in the boat,quite near the station.
Noun Categories
Number 数
Gender 性
Case 格
1.Number
It can be divided as singular noun and a plural noun
eg:I —— we
a book——these books
2.Gender
Among gender,there are Feminine (阴性)、Masculine (阳性)、neuter（中性）.
eg:He -----she
prince ------princess
hero-------heroine
3.Case
In English,there are nominative (主格)、accusative (宾格)、genitive (属格).eg:
I --------me -----------my
He ----------him ---------his
Tom ---------Tom’s
Name ----------name of
Verb Category
Tense (时态)
Aspect (体态)
Voice (语态)
1.Tense
There are two kinds of tense ——
Past & present
eg：present :They talk to the teacher everyday.
past:They talked to the teacher yesterday.
2.Aspect
There are two kinds of aspect ——
perfective (完成体) & imperfective (未完成体)
eg:imperfective：We are playing a game now.(进行时)
We will play a game tomorrow.(将来时)
perfective:We have played a game already.
3.Voice
There are active voice and passive voice in all.
eg：He wrote a letter just now.
-----The letter was written (by him) just now.
The voice in different tenses & aspects
(Ask as a example)
Sentences (the S rule)
S  NP VP
Infl realized by a tense label
Infl realized by an auxiliary
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
Inversion Move Infl to the left of the subject NP.
Inversion (revised) Move Infl to C.
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
Deep structure & surface structure
Consider the following pair of sentences:
John is easy to please.
John is eager to please.
Structurally similar sentences might be very different in their meanings,for they have quite different deep structures.
Deep structure & surface structure
Deep structure----formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s sub-categorization properties; it contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence.
Surface structure----corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations; it is that of the sentence as it is pronounced or written.