端午节的来历及其相关习俗？中文版和英文版？

端午节的来历及其相关习俗？中文版和英文版？

关于端午节的来历，归纳起来，大致有以下诸说：

　　纪念屈原，此说最早出自南朝梁代吴均《续齐谐记》和北周宗懔《荆楚岁时记》的记载。据说，屈原于五月初五自投汨罗江，死后为蛟龙所困，世人哀之，每于此日投五色丝粽子于水中，以驱蛟龙。又传，屈原投汨罗江后，当地百姓闻讯马上划船捞救，千直行至洞庭湖，终不见屈原的尸体。那时，恰逢雨天，湖面上的小舟一起汇集在岸边的亭子旁。当人们得知是打捞贤臣屈大夫时，再次冒雨出动，争相划进茫茫的洞庭湖。为了寄托哀思，人们荡舟江河之上，此后才逐渐发展成为龙舟竞赛。‘看来，端午节吃粽子、赛龙舟与纪念屈原相关，有唐代文秀《端午》诗为证：“节分端午自谁言，万古传闻为屈原。堪笑楚江空渺渺，不能洗得直臣冤。”

　　迎涛神，此说出自东汉《曹娥碑》。曹娥是东汉上虞人，父亲溺于江中，数日不见尸体，当时孝女曹娥年仅十四岁，昼夜沿江号哭。过了十七天，在五月五日也投江，五日后抱出父尸。春秋时吴国忠臣伍子胥含冤而死之后，化为涛神，世人哀而祭之，故有端午节。

　　龙的节日，这种说法来自闻一多的《端午考》、和《端午的历史教育》。他认为，五月初五是古代吴越地区“龙”的部落举行图腾祭祀的日子。其主要理由是；(一)端午节两个最主要的活动吃粽子和竞渡，都与龙相关。粽子投入水里常被蚊龙所窃，而竞渡则用的是龙舟。(二)竞渡与古代吴越地方的关系尤深，况且吴越百姓还有断发纹身“以像龙子”的习俗。(三)古代五月初五日有用“五彩丝系臂”的民间风俗，这应当是“像龙子”的纹身习俗的遗迹。

　　恶日，在先秦时代，普遍认为五月是个毒月，五日是恶日。据《礼记》载，端午源于周代的蓄兰沐浴。《吕氏春秋》中《仲夏记》一章规定人们在五月要禁欲、斋戒。《夏小正》中记：“此日蓄药，以蠲除毒气。”《大戴礼》中记，“五月五日畜兰为沐浴”以浴驱邪认为重五是死亡之日的传说也很多。《史记·孟尝君列传》记历史上有名的孟尝君，在五月五日出生。其父要其母不要生下他，认为“五月子者，长于户齐，将不利其父母。”《风俗通》佚文，“俗说五月五日生子，男害父，女害母”。《论衡》的作者王充也记述：“讳举正月、五月子；以正月、五月子杀父与母，不得举也。” 东晋大将王镇恶五月初五生，其祖父便给他取名为“镇恶”。宋徽宗赵佶五月初五生，从小寄养在宫外。可见，古代以五月初五为恶日，是普遍现象。可见从先秦以后，此日均为不吉之日。这样，在此日插菖蒲、艾叶以驱鬼，薰苍术、白芷和喝雄黄酒以避疫，就是顺理成章的事。

　　夏至，持这一看法的刘德谦在《“端午”始源又一说》和《中国传统节日趣谈》中，提出三个主要理由：(一)权威性的岁时著作《荆楚岁时记》并未提到五月初五日要吃粽子的节日风俗，却把吃粽子写在夏至节中。至于竟渡，隋代杜台卿所作的《玉烛宝典》把它划人夏至日的娱乐活动，可见不一定就是为了打捞投江的伟大诗人屈原。(二)端午节风俗中的一些内容，如“踏百草”、“斗百草”、“采杂药”等，实际上与屈原无关。(三)《岁时风物华纪丽》对端午节的第一个解释是：“日叶正阳，时当中即端午节正是夏季之中，故端午节又可称为天中节。由此端午节的最早起源当系夏至。兑纷出，而以纪念屈原说影响最为广泛。由于屈原的人格艺超群，人们也愿意把这一纪念日归之于他。

　　纪念女诗人秋瑾：秋瑾字睿卿竞雄，号鉴湖女侠，小字玉姑，浙江绍兴人，幼年擅长诗、词、歌、赋，并且喜欢骑马、击剑，有花木兰、秦良玉在世之称。28岁时参加革命，影响极大，在策划起义时为清兵所捕，至死不屈，于光绪三十三年六月五日在绍兴轩亨口英勇就义。后人为敬仰她的诗，哀悼她的忠勇事迹，于是，与诗人节合并来纪念她，而诗人节又是因纪念爱国诗人屈原而定为端午节。

【端午节别称】
　　据统计端午节的名称在我国所有传统节日中叫法最多，达二十多个，堪称节日别名之最。如有端午节、端五节、端阳节、重五节、重午节、天中节、夏节、五月节、菖节、蒲节、龙舟节、浴兰节、粽子节 、午日节、女儿节、地腊节、诗人节、龙日、午日、天中节、五月节等等。

　　端阳节，据《荆楚岁时记》载，因仲夏登高，顺阳在上，五月正是仲夏，它的第一个午日正是登高顺阳天气好的日子，故称五月初五为“端阳节”。

　　重午节，午，属十二支，农历五月为午月，五、午同音，五、五相重，故端午节又名“重午节”或“重五节”，有些地方也叫“五月节”。

　　天中节，古人认为，五月五日时，阳重人中天，故称这一天为“天中节”。

　　浴兰节，端午时值仲夏，是皮肤病多发季节，古人以兰草汤沐浴去污为俗。汉代《大戴礼》云：“午日以兰汤沐浴”。

　　解棕节，古人端午吃棕时，有比较各人解下粽叶的长度、长者为胜的游戏，故又有“解粽节”之称。

　　女儿节，明沈榜《宛署杂记》：“五月女儿节，系端午索，戴艾叶，五毒灵符。宛俗自五月初一至初五日，饰小闺女，尽态极研。出嫁女亦各归宁。因呼为女儿节。” 沈榜宛《杂记》载:“燕京自五月一日至五日，家家饰小闺女，尽态极妍。已出嫁之女，亦归宁簪以榴花，曰女儿节”。

　　菖蒲节，古人认为“重午”是犯禁忌的日子，此时五毒尽出，因此端午风俗多为驱邢避毒，如在门上悬挂菖蒲、艾叶等，故端午节也称“菖蒲节”。

端午节ㄉ由来英文~ The Dragon Boat Festival is traditionally celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month on the lunar calendar, and is therefore often called 'Double Fifth Festival'. In Chinese, the holiday is called Duan Wu Jie. The Dragon Boat Festival commemorates the life and death of the famous Chinese scholar-statesman Qu Yuan, who lived some three centuries before the birth of Christ. Qu Yuan was a loyal minister that served the King of Chu during the Warring States Period. Qu Yuan was a highly respected and trusted advisor to the King of Chu. He fought the corruption of other officials of the court. Initially, Qu Yuan was favored by his sovereign, but over time, his wisdom and erudite ways antagonized the other court officials. Eventually, the intrigues of his rivals exerted enough ill influence on the King that Qu Yuan soon found himself in disfavor. The King began to not listen to Qu Yuan's suggestions and advice. Not long after, the King banished Qu Yuan from Chu. While in exile, Qu Yuan composed many poems expressing his sorrows and concerns for his country and people. Amongst his most famous poems is "Encountering Sorrow," a poem describing his search for a good sovereign that would listen to good advice regarding government. In the year 295 B.C., at the age of 37, Qu Yuan drowned himself in the Milo River. He clasped a heavy stone to his chest and leaped into the water. Knowing that Qu Yuan was a righteous man, the people of Chu rushed to the river to try to save him. The people desperately searched the waters in their boats looking for Qu Yuan, but they were unsuccessful in their attempt to rescue him. Every year the Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated to commemorate this attempt at rescuing Qu Yuan. When it was known that Qu Yuan had been lost forever, the local people began the tradition of throwing sacrificial cooked rice into the river for their lost hero. However, a local fisherman had a dream that Qu Yuan did not get any of the cooked rice that was thrown into the river in his honor. Instead, it was the fishes in the river that had eaten the rice. So, the following year, the tradition of wrapping the cooked rice in bamboo leaves was begun. The cooked rice wrapped in bamboo leaves later came to be known as zong zi. There is also another version of the story. When it was known that Qu Yuan had been lost to the river, the local fisherman had a dream that the fishes in the river were eating Qu Yuan's body. The local people came up with the idea that if the fishes in the river were not hungry, then they would not eat Qu Yuan's body. So the local people began the tradition of throwing zong zi into the river to feed the fishes in hope that Qu Yuan's body would be spared.