off in to on在表示方位时有什么不同?

一. in, to, on和off在方位名词前的区别
1. in表示A地在B地范围之内.如：
Taiwan is in the southeast of China.
2. to表示A地在B地范围之外,即二者之间有距离间隔.如：
Japan lies to the east of China.
3. on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻.如：
North Korea is on the east of China.
4. off表示“离……一些距离或离……不远的海上”.如：
They arrived at a house off the main road.
New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia.
二. at, in, on, by和through在表示时间上的区别
1. at指时间表示：
（1）时间的一点、时刻等.如：
They came home at sunrise （at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak, at dawn）.
（2）较短暂的一段时间.可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子.如：
He went home at Christmas （at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night）.
2. in指时间表示：
（1）在某个较长的时间（如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等）内.如：
in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening, etc
（2）在一段时间之后.一般情况下,用于将来时,谓语动词为瞬间动词,意为“在……以后”.如：
He will arrive in two hours.
谓语动词为延续性动词时,in意为“在……以内”.如：
These products will be produced in a month.
注意：after用于将来时间也指一段时间之后,但其后的时间是“一点”,而不是“一段”.如：
He will arrive after two o’clock.
3. on指时间表示：
（1）具体的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等.如：
On Christmas Day（On May 4th）, there will be a celebration.
（2）在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上.如：
He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th.
（3）准时,按时.如：
If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.
4. by指时间表示：
（1）不迟于,在（某时）前.如：
He will come by six o’clock.
Jack had made some friends by the time you came.
（2）在……间,在……的时候.如：
He worked by day and slept by night.
5. through指时间意为“从……开始到结束”,此时与throughout相同.如：
We work hard all through the year.
三. near, by, beside, at表示“在……附近”时的区别
1. near表示相对的近,实际距离可能还很远.如：
Suzhou is near Shanghai.
2. by和beside都表示靠近,实际距离不可能很远,但beside比by更具体地表示出“在……旁边”的意思.如：
He was sitting beside her.
3. at也有“在旁边”的意思,但多表示有目的的行为所处的位置,而by和beside仅表示位置关系.如：
The students are sitting at the desks listening to the teacher.
Several students are sitting by / beside the window talking about a film.
四. at, in和on表示地点时的区别
1. at表示地点：
（1）用于指较小的地方.如：
I shall wait for you at the station.
（2）用于门牌号码前.如：
He lives at 115 Zhongshan Road.
2. in表示地点：
（1）用于指较大的地方.如：
He lives in Shanghai.
（2）虽然是很小的地方,如果说话人住在那里,也可用in.商店、学校、机关等,若看作一个地点（point）用at,若看作一个场所（place）用in.如：
I met him at the post-office.
I’m now working in the post-office.
3. on表示地点,一般指与面或线接触,意为“在……上；在……旁”.如：
The picture was hanging on the wall.
New York is on the Hudson River.
五. besides, except, except for, but表示“除……外”之间的区别
1. besides表示“除了……以外,还有……”,具有附加性质.如：
Besides Mr Wang, we also went to see the film.（王先生也去了）
注意：besides用于否定句中时,与except, but同义,可互换.如：
We have no other books besides / except these.
2. except表示“……除外”,具有排它性质.如：
We all went to see the film except Mr Wang.（王先生没去）
3. except for表示“除了……”,即表示除去整体中的一部分.如：
The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes.
4. but意为“除了”,与except同义,except强调被排除的部分,but则强调整句的内容,常修饰否定意义的代词.如：
Nobody knew it but me.
六. above, over, on, up表示“在……上”之间的区别
1. above指“……上方”,表示相对高度,不一定在正上方,其反义词为below.如：
We’re flying above the clouds.
2. over指“在……正上方”,表示垂直上方,其反义词为under.如：
The bridge is over the river.
3. on表示“在……上面”,与物体表面接触,与beneath相对.如：
There is a map on the wall.
The earth felt soft beneath our feet.
4. up表示动作的方向往上,反义词为down.如：
Please hang the picture up.
七. by, through, with表示“方式、方法、手段”之间的区别
1. by表方式：
（1）表示以一般的方法或方式.如：
No one in those days could live by writing poems.
（2）表示传达、传递的方式或煤介.如：
How did you send the letter, by airmail or by ordinary mail?
（3）表示用交通工具、通讯工具后接名词单数,不加冠词.如：
He came by train, but his wife came by bus.
注意下面两句的区别：
Did you come by train?
Did you come in his car / on my bike?
“by +抽象名词”构成的词组有：by accident / by chance / by diligence / by effort / by force / by heart / by luck / by mistake / by hard work.
2. through表示“以；通过；经由”.如：
He succeeded through hard work.
3. with表示方式
（1）表示行为方式,意为“以；带着；用”.如：
We are well provided with food and clothing.
（2）表示使用具体的工具或手段.如：
He writes with a pen.
注意：在表示手段时,by, through, with有时也可换用,但with的意思更明确.如：
Through / By / With his efforts he succeeded in making so many useful inventions.
八. through, with, from, for, at表示原因的区别
1. through表示原因,作“因为”解,常和neglect, carelessness, mistake, fault等词连用,表示偶然或消极的原因,如疏忽、过错、不慎等.如：
He cut himself through carelessness.
The experiment failed through one fault of ours.
2. with表示原因,指由于外界而影响到内部,意为“因为；由于”.如：
The little girl was shivering with cold.
3.
from表示动机、疲劳、痛苦、死亡等原因.如：
She did it from a sense of duty.
4. for常表示为了某一目的、事业的原因.如：
Forgive me for keeping you waiting.
5. at表示原因,指“听到；看到；想到”等.如：
At the news they felt very glad.
九. 介词的搭配方式
1. 介词可与名词搭配.如：answer to, key to, the reason for, the cause of, advice on, by means of, lack of, a picture of等.
2. 介词可与形容词搭配.如：be afraid of, be active in, be tired of, be bored with, be prepared for, be suitable for, be familiar to / with, be free from等.
3. 介词可与动词搭配.如：talk about, prevent…from, belong to, get over, depend on, object to, refer to, look forward to, make up for, devote to等.