Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating f

Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial（殖民的）days. They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.
Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them return to become presidents of admired colleges－Harvard, Yale, Columbia－and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty made up of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by memorization were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree representing the highest level of advanced scholarly achievement, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.
At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, restricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study. The new goal was to make the university relevant(相关的) to the real pursuits（追求） of the world. universities

(答案→)universities 解析：文章介绍了美国旧大学的弊端和新大学的发展，从教授的聘用，教授的课程和方法都有了很大的改变。新的原则是在大学开创新知识，并把它传下去。【小题1】主旨题：从全篇文章看，这篇文章讲的是美国大学的发展，所以填：universities【小题2】原词重现：从第一段的句子：They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students. 可知以前的大学是要是塑造学生的道德观：the moral character【小题3】句意理解题：从第二段的句子：In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.可知在德国的大学主要考虑的是创造传播知识。所以填 their/the primary concern【小题4】原词重现：从第二段的句子：Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. 可知很多美国年轻人到德国去深造：For advanced study【小题5】归纳词：右边的内容都是这种现象带来的影响：Effects/ Influences【小题6】句意理解题：从第二段的句子：Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. 可知招了很多有学术知识的教授，Hiring professors【小题7】句意理解题：从第二段的句子：The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on,可知新的原则是在大学开创新知识，并把它传下去。填 passing it on【小题8】原词重现：从第二段的句子：Drilling and learning by memorization were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class.可知是将新的演讲法传入课堂。填 lecturing【小题9】词性转化题：从最后一段的句子：The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study.可知哈佛校长在选课制度上起了先锋带头作用，因为同列的句子都是动名词开头，所以填Pioneering【小题10】原词重现：从最后一段的句子：The new goal was to make the university relevant(相关的) to the real pursuits（追求） of the world. 可知这是大学的新的目标：Goal / Purpose

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