英语中,现在分词与过去分词是怎么构成的?它们有什么区别?

英语中,现在分词与过去分词是怎么构成的?它们有什么区别?

分词 1．分词的形式 这里所讲的分词包括-ing分词和-ed分词,即传统意义上的现在分词和过去分词.现在分词由动词原形+-ing构成(如listening)；过去分词通常由动词原形+-ed构成(如listened),但也有不规则形式(如go-gone).现代英语的绝大多数都是规则动词,不规则的只是少数. 2．分词的基本用法 分词在句中通常可以用作表语、定语、补语和状语.下面按照现在分词和过去分词的用法分别作介绍. 现在分词的基本用法： 现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般性的或正在进行的动作；在表现形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分, 1)作表语 现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征.例如： This story is quite interesting． The journey without you will be boring． 2)作定语 现在分词可以单独作定语,也可以构成合成词作定语,但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语,包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开),在意义上相当于一个定语从句.现在分词作定语通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.例如： The man following was obviously in a hurry．(现在分词单独作定语) They acted just like a conquering army．(现在分词单独作定语) Do you know the man standing over there by the door? (分词短语作限定性定语) Last night,we caught a thief stealing John’s bike．(分词短语作限定性定语) The name Nebraske comes from the Oto Indian word “ebrathka”,meaning flat water．(分词短语作非限定性定语) 3)作宾语补足语 a．表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear,feel,find,listen to,look at,watch,notice,observe,smell,see等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语.例如： I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting． I can smell turkey roasting,and it's making me hungry． b．表示“致使”等意义的动词,如catch,get,have,keep,leave,set等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语.例如： What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside． Please don't keep the machine running while you are away． 4)作状语 现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用.这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一.例如： Rushing out of the room,he was knocked down by a car．(作时间状语) = When he rushed out of the room,he was knocked down by a car． Working harder,you will pass the entrance exam. (作条件状语) = If you work harder,you will pass the entrance exam． She sat at a window,reading a book．(作伴随状语) =She sat at a window and read a book． Having won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars．(作原因状语) = Because he had won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars． Even if taking a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting．(作让步状语) = Even if take a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting． The road is under construction,thus causing the delay． (作结果状语) = The road is under construction,and thus caused the delay. 注意,当现在分词作让步状语时,一般放在句首,常常由although,though,even if, unless等连词引入；作结果状语时,一般放在句末,前面可以加so,thus,hence,thereby等副词. 过去分词的基本用法： 与现在分词不同,过去分词表示被动的意义,表示已经完成和被动的动作.在表现形式上,只有一种形式. 1)作表语 过去分词作表语表示主浯所处的状态.用作表浯的过去分词大多来自及物动词；不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词,如go,come,assemble等,它们用在连系动词之后,表示完成意义,无被动意义.例如： The man looked quite disappointed． He is greatly discouraged by her refusal． His hair is nearly all gone. 已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语,常见的有：accomplished,amazed,amused,astonished,broken,closed,completed,complicatcd, confused,crowded,devoted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,excited,frightened,hurt,interested,lost,satisfied,surprised, worried等. 做定语 a) 前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义.例如： We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter． = We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in

对的，就是这个意思