Two­thirds of the world's major rivers have now been disrupted with more than 50,000 d

Two­thirds of the world's major rivers have now been disrupted with more than 50,000 dams in an attempt to store water and provide power.In the US，there are more than 85,000 dams，disrupting large and small rivers，and in most cases transforming natural flow.The most famous of these，the Hoover Dam，constructed in the 1930s，is mainly responsible for the fact that the Colorado River no longer reaches the ocean.
Dams，besides all their attractive benefits，also have negative impacts.Creating a reservoir means a large area must be flooded.Communities may lose their land，houses and culturally important sites.
Environmentally，the new reservoir can be a paradise for wildlife，especially birds；however，it can cause greenhouse gas emissions and poison the water.Also，the dramatic rise and fall of water levels during dam releases is too extreme for plants and animals to cope with，resulting in dead zones around the shores of reservoirs.Fish that lay their eggs in the shallows，for example，may find a few hours later that those sites are high and dry.
Downstream(在下游方向)of a dam，the flow may be reduced so that farmers cannot irrigate their fields.Many rivers run through national borders，which may cause conflict over precious water.Disputes have been continuing between India and Pakistan，and Turkey，Syria and Iraq，for example.
Dams don't just block the flow of water.They also prevent fish migrations，and dams are a barrier to sediment(沉淀物)flows.Instead of rushing downriver，sediments get backed up against the dam wall，which causes the reservoir level to increase over time.However，sediments which are rich in nutrients have become a problem.The fertility of the entire system can be influenced，with soils lost during seasonal rains not being replaced.
Perhaps the biggest problem can be seen in deltas，which are sinking into the oceans.Groundwater is being extracted to feed the city，causing the city to sink，and sediments washed away by the ocean are no longer being replaced.The result is that sea level rises in cities from Shanghai to Alexandria.
【小题1】The Hoover Dam is mentioned in the passage in order to show .A．dams play an important role in our lifeB．dams have impacted the flow of the riversC．dams make people lose their land and housesD．dams have many benefits as well as side effects【小题2】What effects does creating a reservoir have on people's life?
a．People will see fewer birds on the sides of the rivers.
b．Farmers will have less water to irrigate their fields.
c．Visitors can't visit some cultural relics any more.
d．More conflicts and wars over water will break out.
e．More kinds of fish will become extinct in future.A．a，c　B．c，eC．b，e　D．b，c【小题3】With many dams built across the rivers，fish .A．will find more places to lay their eggsB．will face a dangerous habitatC．will be fed on more sediments rich in nutrientsD．will find it easier to deal with the rise of water【小题4】How can dams influence large cities like Shanghai?A．Their entire system will be influenced.B．The rainy season will last longer.C．They will lie below sea level in future.D．Rich soils will be washed away.【小题5】What does the passage mainly talk about?A．Environmental loss of dams.B．Cultural loss of dams.C．Economic gain of dams.D．Environmental benefits of dams.B

(答案→)B 解析：本文主要讲的是人类在世界各地修建的大坝对环境造成的影响。【小题1】解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“and in most cases transforming natural flow...no longer reaches the ocean”可知，文章中提到胡佛大坝是为了说明大坝可以影响河的流向，故选B。答案　B【小题2】 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段末句和第四段首句可知，随着大坝的修建，蓄水淹没了一些文化遗迹，并且导致下游的农民无法灌溉农作物，故选D。答案　D【小题3】解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“it can cause greenhouse gas emissions and poison the water”可知，随着大坝的修建，蓄水会释放出温室气体，使水有毒，所以鱼的生活环境会变得危险，故选B。答案　B【小题4】解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“which are sinking into the oceans”可知，未来有一天，上海将会被海水淹没，故选C。答案　C【小题5】解析　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是修建大坝对环境造成的影响，故选A。答案　A

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