【美国街头文化】美国街头文化英文介绍求关于涂鸦街头篮球说唱等的...

【美国街头文化】美国街头文化英文介绍求关于涂鸦街头篮球说唱等的...

【答案】 涂鸦：
　　Graffiti (singular:graffito; the plural is used as a mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched,scrawled,painted or marked in any manner on property.Graffiti is any type of public markings that may appear in the forms of simple written words to elaborate wall paintings.Graffiti has existed since ancient times,with examples dating back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire[1].In modern times,spray paint,normal paint and markers have become the most commonly used materials.In most countries,defacing property with graffiti without the property owner's consent is considered vandalism,which is punishable by law.Sometimes graffiti is employed to communicate social and political messages.To some,it is an art form worthy of display in galleries and exhibitions; to others it is merely vandalism.Graffiti has since evolved into a pop culture existence often related to underground hip hop music and b-boying creating a lifestyle that remains hidden from the general public.[2] Graffiti is used as a gang signal to mark territory or to serve as an indicator or tag for gang-related activity.The controversies that surround graffiti continue to create disagreement amongst city officials/ law enforcement and graffitists looking to display their work in public locations.There are many different types and styles of graffiti and it is a rapidly developing artform whose value is highly contested,being reviled by many authorities while also subject to protection,sometimes within the same jurisdiction.
　　街头篮球：
　　Streetball is a less formal variant of basketball,played on playgrounds and in gymnasiums around the world.Often only one half of the court is used,but otherwise the rules of the game are very similar to those of basketball.The number of participants in a game,or a run,may range from one defender and one person on offense (known as one on one) to two full teams of five each as in professional or collegiate basketball.It is common to hear player arriving at streetball game to call out next indicating they are claiming the right to play in the next game.
　　Streetball is a very popular game worldwide,[citation needed] and some cities in the United States have organized streetball programs,such as midnight basketball.Many cities also host their own weekend-long streetball tournaments.Hoop-It-Up and the Houston Rockets' Blacktop Battle are two of the most popular.In recent years,streetball has seen an increase in media exposure through television shows such as ESPN's Streetball and City Slam,as well as traveling exhibitions such as the AND1 Mixtape Tour and Ball4Real.
　　说唱,嘻哈：
　　Hip hop as a cultural movement manifest in B-boying (breakdancing),graffiti writing,DJing and eMCeeing – is an artistic commitment to seize freedom from oppressive social conditions.This artistic commitment inherent in Hip Hop culture expresses a reality of human transcendence which was originally born out of the creative impulse and cultural improvisation of the oppressed African American,Afro-Caribbean and Latino American communities of New York City(with the South Bronx as the epicenter) in the late 1970s.[1][2][3][1][4] It was DJ Afrika Bambaataa that outlined the five pillars of hip-hop culture:MCing,DJing,breaking,graffiti writing,and knowledge.[5][6][7][8] Other elements include beatboxing,hip hop fashion,and slang.Since first emerging in the Bronx,the lifestyle of hip hop culture has spread around the world.[9] When hip hop music began to emerge,it was based around disc jockeys who created rhythmic beats by looping breaks (small portions of songs emphasizing a percussive pattern) on two turntables,which is now more commonly referred to as sampling.This was later accompanied by rapping (a rhythmic style of chanting or poetry more formally in 16 bar measures or time frames) and beatboxing,a vocal technique mainly used to imitate percussive elements of the music and various technical effects of hip hop DJs.An original form of dancing and particular styles of dress arose among followers of this new music.These elements experienced considerable refinement and development over the course of the history of the culture.
　　The relationship between graffiti and hip hop culture arises from the appearance of new and increasingly elaborate and pervasive forms of the practice in areas where other elements of hip hop were evolving as art forms,with a heavy overlap between those who wrote graffiti and those who practiced other elements of the culture.

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