谁能提供一些有关topcima案例分析报告或其他相关内容呢？

谁能提供一些有关topcima案例分析报告或其他相关内容呢？

　　2007年5月 TOPCIMA真题
　　Flyqual Airlines
　　Introduction
　　Flyqual Airlines (FQA) is a member of N, an aviation alliance which includes another seven
　　airlines based in different regions of the world. The purpose of the alliance is to extend a large
　　range of travel opportunities to passengers of each constituent airline and FQA is now able to
　　provide travel to over 500 destinations throughout the world by using alliance partners' routes.
　　The benefits include more choices of flights to suit the passengers' travel requirements, easier
　　transfers between member airlines and access to their passenger lounges, priority check-in at
　　airport terminals and enhancement of frequent flyer programmes. Greater frequency of flights is
　　provided by the various codeshare agreements which FQA has entered into with various
　　airlines which operate both within and outside the N alliance. A codeshare agreement is where
　　flights to a particular destination are operated by an airline which accepts passengers who have
　　purchased tickets from other airlines.
　　As its name implies, FQA prides itself on providing a first rate passenger service and enjoys a
　　strong reputation for quality service to passengers. As a consequence, FQA does not need to
　　apply a low pricing policy for airline travel in response to sensitivity of market demand and is
　　able to charge premium prices. Established just after the Second World War, FQA itself now
　　flies to over 100 destinations worldwide from its home base in Asia and employs over 20,000
　　people around the world as aircrew, cabin attendants, maintenance staff, airport check-in
　　operatives and ground staff.
　　Two large listed companies together hold the majority of the shares of FQA and the company is
　　listed on its home stock exchange. These two companies are not themselves engaged in the
　　airline industry although one of them does have subsidiaries whose business is in the export of
　　goods.
　　FQA holds a 45% shareholding in a smaller airline. This smaller airline is not a member of the N
　　alliance and engages mainly in short-haul scheduled and cargo flights around the Asia-Pacific
　　region. FQA does undertake some short-haul schedules in the Asia-Pacific region but its
　　principal business is in long-haul intercontinental flights to the USA and Europe.
　　Future demand for passenger air travel
　　Some airlines offer services at both the high quality and the basic "with no extras", so called
　　"low-priced" or "no frills" end of the market. FQA has chosen to offer services at the high quality
　　end of the market only.
　　The largest consumer markets over the next two decades are likely to be China and India. This
　　is expected to result in large growth in air travel to and from, and within these countries. This is
　　likely to be generated by increasing wealth within the economies of these two countries in
　　particular and continued inward investment from other parts of the world.
　　It is normal for increased air travel in emerging economies to begin with increases in domestic
　　demand followed by international demand as income levels rise and greater inward investment
　　takes place. Major centres of population and business tend to generate strong development of
　　air traffic. It is estimated that 80% of air traffic between Europe and Asia is carried between only
　　17 major cities.
　　It is estimated that by the mid 2020's three-quarters of the entire world fleet of very large aircraft
　　will be used on flights from the largest airports in the world and 60% of these airports are
　　situated in the Asia-Pacific region.
　　P10 3 May 2007
　　Future demand for air cargo
　　Demand for international cargo services is also expected to increase in areas of high population
　　and industrial growth.
　　Demand for air cargo is influenced by the nature of the goods being transported, for example
　　the need to transport perishable foods quickly. However, high value goods which are demanded
　　in very quick time, such as high technology equipment have also grown and represent about
　　75% of the financial value of exports from Asia but only 40% of exports in terms of weight. This
　　has resulted in significant growth in demand for air cargo. For example, about 25% of high
　　technology equipment by value was transported by air from China to Europe in the mid 1990's.
　　A decade later, this had risen to 60%.
　　Aircraft replacement within the industry
　　Traditionally, replacement of aircraft has been a result of economic cycles and developments of
　　aircraft technology. Fuel prices have also had a major influence on aircraft replacement. Aircraft
　　retirements on a large scale began to take place in 2002 following a slow-down in global
　　demand. Many airlines replace passenger aircraft before the end of their economic life in order
　　to take advantage of new technology. Market conditions, legislation on noise and exhaust
　　emissions and strengthening competition have resulted in an increasing demand by airlines for
　　more fuel efficient and quieter aircraft. Some forecasts state that by the mid 2020's only about
　　15% of the fleet which currently exists will still be operated by airlines across the world.
　　FQA's fleet of aircraft
　　The aircraft which FQA operate are all manufactured by either F (based in the USA) or C
　　(based in Europe). The fleet of 170 aircraft is as follows:
　　Leased Owned Seating capacity
　　per aircraft
　　F 858 27 36 500
　　F 888 9 22 270
　　C 440 14 30 320
　　C 450 10 22 450
　　Of the 27 leased F 858 aircraft, seven are employed entirely for carrying cargo. The F 888 can
　　be converted to fly long-haul, although it is normally used on short-haul routes. For conversion
　　to long-haul, the F 888 would reduce the passenger capacity by 100 seats. The C 440 is used
　　exclusively on short-haul routes. There are a number of aircraft whose leases are due to expire
　　over the next two years.
　　Replacement of some of the fleet
　　A major dilemma faced by FQA, as well as other airlines, is which aircraft should it now procure
　　in order to replace the ageing aircraft in its fleet. FQA could acquire newer models of the same
　　type of aircraft which it currently has in service or obtain replacements from the next generation
　　of aircraft which are being developed. In considering this matter, the directors of FQA need to
　　take into account the way the airline industry is moving and the increasing trend for larger
　　aircraft carrying more passengers and having a greater range capability. F and C are the
　　leading manufacturers of passenger aircraft and are bitter rivals. Both F and C have produced
　　prototypes of the next generation of passenger aircraft. The F 898 has a smaller capacity in
　　terms of passengers carried than the C 491 but, in general terms, has greater flexibility. This is
　　due to the F 898 being capable of reaching more destinations than its C rival as it is smaller and
　　makes less demand on airports in terms of the infrastructure that is required to accommodate it.
　　On the other hand, the C 491 can carry 600 passengers which is double the number which the
　　F 898 can seat. Both aircraft have a similar range.
　　P10 4 May 2007
　　The C 491 will operate on a "hub" system whereby the aircraft will land at a central location in
　　each country or region which then permits passengers to transfer to other flights to reach their
　　final destinations. However, the C 491 is a major double-decked aircraft which requires
　　considerable investment in airport infrastructure to operate. In addition to the requirement for
　　longer runways for take off and landing, the C 491 will not be able to use the existing airport
　　gates for embarkation and disembarkation from the aircraft because it is too far off the ground.
　　On the other hand, the F 898 may take off and land on the conventional length of runway which
　　will accommodate the current aircraft in FQA's fleet. As it is a single-decked aircraft it will also
　　be able to use the gates which are currently available in airports.
　　The Board of FQA must decide whether it should:
　　• invest in the C 491 and be able to transport more passengers in a single flight but which
　　may result in a degree of inconvenience to passengers as they will need to transfer to
　　other flights for onward travel; or
　　•