求英语翻译 不要机器翻译的

1.Programming in machine languages means speaking directly to the computer in the language of 1s and 0s it understands. Machine language is the fastest because no translation is required on the computer’s part. However, it is almost impossible to learn-imagine having to enter a string（字符串） of hundreds of binary digits just to tell the computer to perform a basic operation like adding numbers. Nevertheless, this is how the first generation（代） computers were programmed.

2. Operating systems have developed over the past thirty years for two main purposes. First, they provide a convenient environment for the development and execution of programs. Second, operating systems attempt to schedule computational activities to ensure good performance of the computing system. The operating system must ensure correct operation of the computer system. To prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware was modified to create two modes: user mode and monitor mode.

3. The input/output and secondary（辅助） storage units are sometimes called peripheral devices (or just peripherals). This terminology refers to the fact that although these devices are not a part of the CPU, they are often located near it. Besides, a computer system also includes buses, ROM (read only memory), RAM (random access memory), parallel（并行） port and serial（串行） port, hard disk, floppies and CD (computer disk) drive, and so on.

4. Output Devices Like input units, output devices are instruments of interpretation and communication between humans and computer systems of all sizes. These devices take output results from the CPU in machine-coded form and convert them into a form that can be used (a) by people (e.g., a printed and/or displayed report) or (b) as machine input in another processing cycle.

5. The operating system must ensure correct operation of the computer system. To prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware was modified to create two modes: user mode and monitor mode. Various instructions (such as I/O instructions and halt instructions) are privileged and can only be executed in monitor mode. The memory in which the monitor resides must also be protected from modification by the user. A timer prevents infinite loops. Once these changes (dual mode, privileged instructions, memory protection, timer interrupt) have been made to the basic computer architecture, it is possible to write a correct operating system.

6. In personal computer systems, display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices. Larger and faster printers, many online workstations, and magnetic tape drives are commonly found in larger systems.

以下是我的翻译，不知道楼主是为了自己理解还是会整理成书面材料，所以在翻译是碰到由此而地方提供了两种结果，共楼主参考，如果是个人理解，那么基本可以满足，若是整理材料，可能有些专业术语还需要再次核对。希望我的回答可以帮到你。

1.要对机器进行语言编程就意味着：直接用机器可以明白的1和0这样的语言。这是最有效的（最快的）方式。因为这种方式在电脑部分内部不需要再次翻译。但是，想要通过给机器输入成百上千的数据（/字符串）就可以让它完成一个基本的手术，就像是添加一个数据一样的简单，几乎是不可能的。然而，这也正是第一代电脑编程产生的原因。（/然而，也正是这个想法催生了第一代电脑编程）

2.在过去的30中，操作系统的发展主要是为了以下两个主要目的。首先：它为程序的发展和执行提供一个方便的环境（/便捷的途径）.其次，操作系统尝试着去安排电脑的行动步骤。（/操着系统尝试着为电脑提供一个适合的行动流程）以确保电脑系统的运作达到最好的状态。操作系统必须确保可以更正电脑系统的运行。为了阻止用户编程干扰计算机系统的正确运行，于是把硬件改成了两种模式：用户型和检测型.

3.输入，输出和辅助存储设备（单元/部分）通常被叫做外部设备。这个术语（外部设备）是表明这些设备不属于CPU(/不是CPU的组成部分)。它们通常放置在CPU的旁边。除此之外，电脑系统还包括：路径，只读，改写，并行，串行，硬盘，软盘，磁盘驱动器等。

4.输出设备，和输入单元一样。输出设备是人们和各种电脑系统进行交流沟通的工具，这些设备从CUP中提取出结果再把它转化成a.人们可以阅读的形式（打印或者显示出一份报告）b.或者输入机器进行下一个循环。（此句话的意思是，举个例子吧：从电脑上下载歌曲，再转存进walk man 中，这样就是walk man 输出给人可以用的信息了）

5.这一段前面的内容第二段后面不是有一半了吗，相同的我就不翻译了，直接从不一样的开始：各种各样的指令（比如I/O,暂停）等都是有优先权的，而且只能在检测模型中用到。同时留存在检测系统中的记忆也是被保护的-防止用户修改。一个计时器可以防止无止尽的循环。一旦这些变化（双重模式，特权指令，记忆保护，计时器控制）可以运用到电脑的基本构造中，那么编写一个正确的手术操作系统就会成为可能。

6.在个人电脑系统中，屏幕播放和便携打印 都是很流行的输出方式，更大更快的打印机，许多在线的工作站，以及磁带驱动器，这些都组成了一个更大的系统。

1  是她建议我们去图书馆的。

it was she who advised us to go to the library.

2 直到天黑我才意识到太晚了，不能去拜访他了

it was until it was dark that i realized it would be too late to visit him.

3 你们昨天工作的确实很苦

yesterday you worked really very hard.

4 我是在上周接到通知的

it was last week that i received the advice / note.

5 我们的英语老师送给我的是这本字典

it's this dictionary that our english teacher  gave me.

6 我一生中从未听过这么奇怪的事

i've never heard of such a strange thing in my life.

7 只有当你亲自去做时，才能明白这项工作是多么艰苦

only when you come to do it yourself, will you understand how hard the job is.

8 他不但答应帮助我们，而且还要借钱给我们

he did not only promise to help us, but also borrow money to us.