找苏格兰跟英格兰的简介，（历史，政治风土人情要英文版的）

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苏格兰历史

History

The founders of Scotland of late medieval legend, Scota with Goídel Glas, voyaging from Egypt, as depicted in a 15th century manuscript of the Scotichronicon of Walter Bower. Main article: History of Scotland Early history Main article: Prehistoric Scotland

Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land-mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. It is believed that the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation.^[21][22] Groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the Mainland of Orkney dates from this period. Neolithic habitation, burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well-preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone.^[23] A four thousand year old tomb with burial treasures was discovered at Forteviot, near Perth, the capital of a Pictish Kingdom in the eighth/ninth century AD. Unrivalled anywhere in Britain, it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark, with possessions including a bronze and gold dagger, a wooden bowl and a leather bag.^[24]

Roman influence Main article: Scotland during the Roman Empire Skara Brae, a neolithic settlement, located in the Bay of Skaill, Orkney.

The written protohistory of Scotland began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in southern and central Great Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a province called Britannia. Roman invasions and occupations of southern Scotland were a series of brief interludes.

In AD 83–84 the general Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeated the Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius, and Roman forts were briefly set along the Gask Ridge close to the Highland line (only Cawdor near Inverness is known to have been constructed beyond that line). Three years after the battle the Roman armies had withdrawn to the Southern Uplands.^[25]

The Romans erected Hadrian's Wall to control tribes on both sides of the wall,^[26] and the Limes Britannicus became the northern border of the empire, although the army held the Antonine Wall in the Central Lowlands for two short periods—the last of these during the time of Emperor Septimius Severus from 208 until 210.^[27]

The extent of Roman military occupation of any significant part of northern Scotland was limited to a total of about 40 years, although their influence on the southern section of the country occupied by Brythonic tribes such as the Votadini and Damnonii would still have been considerable between the first and the fifth century.^[26]

A replica of the Pictish Hilton of Cadboll Stone. Medieval period Main articles: Picts, Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the Late Middle Ages, and Scottish clan

The Kingdom of the Picts (based in Fortriu by the 6th century) was the state which eventually became known as "Alba" or "Scotland". The development of "Pictland", according to the historical model developed by Peter Heather, was a natural response to Roman imperialism.^[28] Another view places emphasis on the Battle of Dunnichen, and the reign of Bridei m. Beli (671–693), with another period of consolidation in the reign of Óengus mac Fergusa (732–761).^[29] The Kingdom of the Picts as it was in the early 8th century, when Bede was writing, was largely the same as the kingdom of the Scots in the reign of Alexander (1107–1124). However, by the tenth century, the Pictish kingdom was dominated by what we can recognise as Gaelic culture, and had developed an Irish conquest myth around the ancestor of the contemporary royal dynasty, Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin).^[2][30][31]

From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south. By the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their territories the English-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th century, the kingdom had assumed approximately its modern borders. However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages. The stimulus for this was the reign of King David I and the Davidian Revolution. Feudalism, government reorganisation and the first legally defined towns (called burghs) began in this period. These institutions and the immigration of French and Anglo-French knights and churchmen facilitated a process of cultural osmosis, whereby the culture and language of the low-lying and coastal parts of the kingdom's original territory in the east became, like the newly acquired south-east, English-speaking, while the rest of the country retained the Gaelic language, apart from the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, which remained under Norse rule until 1468.^[32][33][34]

The Wallace Monument commemorates William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.

The death of Alexander III in March 1286, followed by the death of his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, broke the succession line of Scotland's kings. This led to the intervention of Edward I of England, who manipulated this period of confusion to have himself recognised as feudal overlord of Scotland. Edward organised a process to identify the person with the best claim to the vacant crown, which became known as the Great Cause, and this resulted in the enthronement of John Balliol as king. The Scots were resentful of Edward's meddling in their affairs and this relationship quickly broke down. War ensued and King John was deposed by his overlord, who took personal control of Scotland. Andrew Moray and William Wallace initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in what became known as the Wars of Scottish Independence.

The nature of the struggle changed dramatically when Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick, killed rival John Comyn on 10th February 1306 at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries.^[35] He was crowned king (as Robert I) less than seven weeks after the killing. Robert I battled to win Scottish Independence as King for over 20 years, beginning by winning Scotland back from the English invaders piece by piece. Victory at The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 proved that the Scots had won their kingdom, but it took 14 more years and the production of the world's first documented declaration of independence the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 to finally win legal recognition by the English.

However war with England was to continue for several decades after the death of Bruce, and a civil war between the Bruce dynasty and their long-term Comyn-Balliol rivals lasted until the middle of the 14th century. Although the Bruce dynasty was successful, David II's lack of an heir allowed his nephew Robert II to come to the throne and establish the Stewart Dynasty.^[33][36] The Stewarts ruled Scotland for the remainder of the Middle Ages. The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish Renaissance to the Reformation. This was despite continual warfare with England, the increasing division between Highlands and Lowlands, and a large number of royal minorities.^[36][37]

Modern history David Morier's depiction of the Battle of Culloden.

In 1603, James VI King of Scots inherited the throne of the Kingdom of England, and became King James I of England, and left Edinburgh for London.^[38] With the exception of a short period under the Protectorate, Scotland remained a separate state, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the Covenanters over the form of church government. After the Glorious Revolution, the abolition of episcopacy and the overthrow of the Roman Catholic James VII by William and Mary, Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from England.^[39] On 22 July 1706 the Treaty of Union was agreed between representatives of the Scots Parliament and the Parliament of England and the following year twin Acts of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain with effect from 1 May 1707.^[14]

The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly amongst non-Presbyterians. However, two major Jacobite risings launched in 1715 and 1745 failed to remove the House of Hanover from the British throne. The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the Battle of Culloden, Great Britain's last pitched battle. This defeat paved the way for large-scale removals of the indigenous populations of the Highlands and Islands, known as the Highland Clearances.^[14]

The Scottish Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution made Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and industrial powerhouse.^{[citation needed]} After World War II, Scotland experienced an industrial decline which was particularly severe.^[40] Only in recent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance. Economic factors which have contributed to this recovery include a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturing, (see Silicon Glen),^[41] and the North Sea oil and gas industry.^[42]

Following a referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland Act 1998^[43] was passed by the United Kingdom Parliament to establish a devolved Scottish Parliament.

苏格兰Scotland (in English: Scotland, Gaelic: Alba) is a subsidiary of Great Britain and Northern Ireland one kingdom, is located north of the island of Great Britain, the north of England, to tartan, bagpipes music, animal husbandry and the whiskey industry is known for. While in the diplomatic, military, financial, macroeconomic policy matters, the Scottish Westminster in London is subject to the jurisdiction of the British Parliament, but for the internal legislation, administration, the space has a certain degree of autonomy, within the size of the United Kingdom second only to England areas. History Main article: History of Scotland Historically, most of Scotland, written records from ancient Rome, Great Britain occupied during the record. At that time, England and Wales is a province of the Roman Empire, known as Britannia (Britannia). Britannia to the north (that is now part of Scotland) is known as Caledonia (Caledonia), are not under the jurisdiction of ancient Rome is the Picts (Picts) of residence. The 5th century, the northern Irish Gaelic (Celtic one) to immigrate to Scotland, in Argyll and the bit where Ada County area to establish the Kingdom of Darfur. Since then eastward expansion into阿瑟尔森林and Erne Valley, north to expand into the Elgin area. 843 Ada, dar li Macalpin concurrently Pickett King of the Kingdom of the King, the establishment of Alba (Alba) kingdom, King Kenneth I, No. (King Kenneth I MacAlpin). Since then, the Kingdom of Scotland after Dunkeld, Canmore dynasty Barriol Dynasty, England occupation, Bruce Stuart dynasty, and ruled until 1707 with the Kingdom of England ceased to exist after the merger of the United Kingdom. See the list of British monarchs Political Parliament Main article: Scottish Parliament Edinburgh Old Town, in the camera was still under construction in the new Scottish Parliament building in Scotland and England combined, starting in 1603, when the original King James VI of Scotland succeeded to the throne as king of England, the Bank of England, said Zhan James I (James I of England), and originally belonged to him under the name of the Kingdom of Scotland merged to form the Personal union with England. May 1, 1707, the Joint Act (Act of Union, 1707) adopted a formal Scotland with England into a country, to become the Kingdom of Great Britain (Kingdom of Great Britain), but before the merger was the original Scottish Parliament on March 26 Day of the dissolution of Parliament in England merged into a single "Great Britain Parliament." The management of Scotland are all transferred to the city is located in Lundunximin (Westminster) to implement a single parliament, the land rights of some of the seats, through the Congress to put into practice by the Scottish play, only to retain some of the relevant bodies of legislation dealt with separately . However, not all the people of Scotland that such an arrangement acceptable way, for example, the largest party within the Scottish Parliament Scottish National Party (Scottish National Party, SNP) has been a long time will seek out Scotland's independence from Britain as a The party's basic policies and proposals. Kingdom of Great Britain and later twice a change, eventually became well-known today for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, which is the UK's official name). In 1998, the British Government under the 1997 resolution adopted at a referendum, announced the Scotland Act (Scotland Act 1998), determined to restore lost nearly three hundred years of the Scottish Parliament. The new Scottish Parliament will have the right to govern the majority of local affairs, together with local tax rate is room for adjustment-site selection of the new Parliament in Scotland's capital, but also the capital of the Kingdom of the past, Scotland - Edinburgh in the urban area of San Lu (Holyrood), The new Scottish Parliament building came from Spain by the late Catalan architect Enrique Komi Rayes (Enric Miralles) designed, was in September 2004 when the official opening of its avant-garde style in the antique Edinburgh's Old Town is a very different number, and thus the assessment is mixed to obtain a great gap. Heads Scotland's head of state is the current British Queen Elizabeth II (Elizabeth II), she is the Scottish King James VI (later renamed the 1603 King James I of England) the immediate descendants, for Scotland, no doubt the legitimacy of royal power . However, with regard to the title of Queen Elizabeth, some of the interpretation of the Scots and the English people but there is a discrepancy, the reason lies in the so-called during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England and Scotland have not yet combined into the same country, so for the Scots, however, the current Queen Elizabeth, the Queen was their first one, so I should be called instead of II. The controversy on this title Scottish court has made a formal decision, it should be used consistently called Elizabeth II. Money Scotland using the Bank of England issued sterling Pound sterling, but the three banks in Scotland (RBS; Bank of Scotland; Clydesdale Bank) also has its own style, in the United Kingdom can still be used locally, but overseas, most areas do not accept the swap. Geography French annotated topographic map of Scotland north of the island of Great Britain, Scotland is located in the south of England, north, east and west on three sides, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and Irish Sea. West Coast high and steep ups and downs, multi-fd; distributed in the east coast of the coastal plain. There around Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides (Hebrides), as well as three islands Mauer Island (Isle of Mull), Islay (Isle of Islay) and Arran (Isle of Arran) and other islands. Total length of 3,700 km of coastline, an area of 78,772 square kilometers. How high throughout Scotland, the northern highlands at an altitude between 600-1000 meters. Ge Lan flat Mountains (Grampians) of the Ben Nevis mountain (Ben Nevis) elevation of 1343 meters, highest peak in the United Kingdom. Mountain lakes for small-scale structure. The Southern Highlands area is small, generally not more than 600 meters above sea level, there will be isolated valley plains. Central lowland is a rift formed Clyde River (Clyde), River Tay (Tay) and other river valleys, the north-south width of 50 km, the soil fertile, rich in iron and coal, for the Scottish population and urban clusters. Climatic temperature and humidity, in January the average temperature of 4 ℃ or so, 7 Yue around 14 ℃. The east coast is about 600 mm annual rainfall, the West Coast up to 1500 ~ 2000 mm, the fall often storm or blizzard. Subdivisions Today's Scottish administrative divisions, including the surrounding islands of the entire territory is divided into 32 Unified Management Area (Unitary Authority Region), is based on the 1994 Local Government Act in Scotland, on April 1, 1996 been in use since. However, there are a lot of Scots still in the habit was originally divided into 33 zones (Region) of the old points system, Scotland's "zone" in nature, because in England and Wales, the "county" (County) nature of the approach, it is often mistaken known as the county, "area" under the there was a second-level sub-division "sub-area" (District), this set of points since May 16, 1975 onwards. Administrative Region of the re-drawing of the 1996 partition in addition to the quantity it slightly differently, the most crucial point is to change the original "area" "sub-zone" reduced to a two-tier system. Prior to this, Scotland is indeed the sub-divisions called counties (Administrative County, County Executive, since 1889, when the opening), while in 1889 years ago, were originally derived from medieval times to use the city (City), municipality (Burgh , equivalent to England Borough), and the parish (Parish) of these older administrative divisions. The Scottish Executive zoning map 32 unified management zones include:

英格兰（England），一译“英吉利”。大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（英国）领土的主要部分，因此习惯上英格兰一词也泛指英国。英格兰位于大不列颠岛的西南方，苏格兰以南，威尔士以东，还包括怀特岛、锡利群岛和沿岸各小岛，面积约13万平方公里。是英国面积最大，人口最多，经济最发达的一个部分。历史上跟苏格兰以哈德良长城为界。 英格兰这个名字源自“盎格鲁－撒克逊”（Anglo-Saxon）的简写，他们是继维京人和凯尔特人之后来到这个地方的日耳曼民族。人口4，684.5万（1983），集中了英国本土人口的83％。人口平均密度达每平方公里359人，为世界人口最稠密区之一。城市人口占80％。奔宁山脉纵贯北部和中部，平均海拔200-500米，山地两侧有煤、铁资源。东南部为起伏不大的平原。气候温暖湿润。主要河流有泰晤士、塞文和特伦特河等。是英国主要的工业、农业区。重要工业有采煤、钢铁、机械、炼油、化工、纺织、医药等。奔宁山两侧煤田附近为旧工业区，伦敦及其周围为新工业区，炼油和石油化工偏重在沿海港口。重要农畜产品有小麦、大麦、甜菜、马铃薯、蔬菜和牛、猪等。英格兰东南部为主要耕作区。重要的大城市和良港有伦敦、伯明翰、利物浦、曼彻斯特、设菲尔德、利兹、南安普敦和普利茅斯等。 “Britain”这个词起源于希腊语和拉丁语，而最终可能追溯到凯尔特语。尽管用“史前时期”这一尺度来衡量时，凯尔特人也是稍后才来到不列颠群岛的(在此之前的那些文明就已创造了诸如埃夫伯里巨石建筑遗址和圆形巨石阵这样的著名历史遗迹)，但是有关英国历史的文字记载毕竟还是从讲述凯尔特人开始的。“凯尔特”这个词语相当普遍地经常用来区分不列颠群岛的早期居民和后来的盎格鲁-撒克逊入侵者。 　　罗马人的统治从公元43年起延续了300多年。在罗马人于408年最后撤走之前，该岛开始遭到来自北欧的盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人的侵扰,经历了一段日趋混乱的时期。“England”这个词正是从“Angles”而来的。在此后的两个世纪中,侵扰逐步变成了定居，并建立了许多小王国。不列颠人在如今的威尔士和康沃尔地区独立生存下去。这些小王国中出现了力量较强称霸全国的王国,先是在北方(诺森布里亚王国),然后在中部（麦西亚王国）,最后在南方(西撒克斯王国)。但是，来自斯堪的纳维亚的北欧海盗接着入侵英国并定居下来，尽管在10世纪时西撒克斯王朝曾击败过入侵的丹麦人并一度称霸英格兰的广大区域。

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3 分之1的中国人解决不了

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