郑和下西洋的英文资料
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- 提问者网友：謫仙
- 2021-11-23 09:52
郑和下西洋的英文资料
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- 五星知识达人网友：琴狂剑也妄
- 2021-11-23 11:00
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- 1楼网友：鱼忧
- 2021-11-23 11:45
[edit] Expeditions
Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. Emperor Yongle designed them to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to extend the tributary system, by which Chinese dynasties traditionally recognized foreign peoples.
Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces that undertook these expeditions. Zheng He's first voyage consisted of a fleet of perhaps 300 ships[6] (other sources say 200)[7] holding almost 28,000 crewmen. These were probably mainly large six-masted ships - it is now thought that the large and flat nine-masted "treasure ships" were probably river ships used by the Emperor.
On the first three voyages, Zheng He visited southeast Asia, India, and Ceylon (today known as Sri Lanka). The fourth expedition went to the Persian Gulf and Arabia, and later expeditions ventured down the east African coast, as far as Malindi in what is now Kenya. Unspecified officials have reportedly endorsed the theory, so far unproven, that one of Zheng He's ships foundered on the rocks near Lamu island, off the coast of today's Kenya, with survivors swimming ashore, marrying locals and creating a family of Chinese-Africans that is now being reunited with the Chinese motherland [9]. Throughout his travels, Zheng He liberally dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, porcelain, and other goods. In return, he received rich and unusual presents from his hosts, including African zebras and giraffes that ended their days in the Ming imperial zoo. Zheng He and his company paid respects to local deities and customs, and in Ceylon they erected a monument honouring Buddha, Allah, and Vishnu.
Zheng He generally sought to attain his goals through diplomacy, and his large army awed most would-be enemies into submission. But a contemporary reported that Zheng He "walked like a tiger", and did not shrink from violence when he considered it necessary to impress foreign peoples with China's military might. He ruthlessly suppressed pirates who had long plagued Chinese and southeast Asian waters. He also intervened in a civil disturbance in order to establish his authority in Ceylon, and he made displays of military force when local officials threatened his fleet in Arabia and East Africa. From his fourth voyage, he brought envoys from thirty states who traveled to China and paid their respects at the Ming court.
In 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. His successor, the Hongxi Emperor (reigned 1424–1425), decided to curb the influence at court. Zheng He made one more voyage under the Xuande Emperor (reigned 1426–1435), but after that Chinese treasure ship fleets ended. Zheng He died during the treasure fleet's last voyage. Although he has a tomb in China, it is empty: he was, like many great admirals, buried at sea. [10]
Zheng He, on his seven voyages, successfully relocated large numbers of Chinese Muslims to Malacca, Palembang, Surabaya and other places and Malacca became the center of Islamic learning and also a large international Islamic trade center of the southern seas.
His missions showed impressive demonstrations of organizational capability and technological might, but did not lead to significant trade, since Zheng He was an admiral and an official, not a merchant. Chinese merchants continued to trade in Japan and southeast Asia, but Imperial officials gave up any plans to maintain a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean and even destroyed most of the nautical charts that Zheng He had carefully prepared.[citation needed] The decommissioned treasure ships sat in harbors until they rotted away, and Chinese craftsmen forgot the technology of building such large vessels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He
郑和下西洋
1405年7月11日（明永乐三年）明成祖命郑和率领庞大的二百四十多海船、二万七千四百名船员组成的船队远航，访问了30多个在西太平洋和印度洋的国家和地区，加深了中国同东南亚、东非的相互了解。每次都由苏州刘家港出发，一直到1433年（明宣德8年），他一共远航了有八次之多。最后一次，宣德八年四月回程到古里时，在船上因病过世。民间故事《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》将他的旅行探险称之为三宝太监下西洋。
郑和曾到达过爪哇、苏门答腊、苏禄、彭亨、真腊、古裏、暹罗、榜葛剌、阿丹、天方、左法尔、忽鲁谟斯、木骨都束等三十多个国家，最远曾达非洲东岸，红海、麦加，并有可能到过澳洲.
第一次下西洋
永乐三年六月十五（1405年7月11日）奉诏出使西洋。同年冬，从南京龙江港启航，经太仓出海，永乐五年九月初二（1407年10月2日）回国。第一次下西洋人数据载有27800人。
第二次下西洋
永乐五年九月十三日（1407年10月13日）出发，到达汶莱、泰国、柬埔寨、印度等地，在锡兰山迎请佛牙，随船带回，永乐七年夏（1409年）回国。第二次下西洋人数据载有27000人。
第三次下西洋
永乐七年九月（1409年10月）从太仓刘家港启航，姚广孝、费信、马欢等人会同前往，到达越南、马来西亚、印度等地，回国途中访锡兰山，永乐九年六月十六（1411年7月6日）回国。
第四次下西洋
永乐十一年十一月（1413年11月）出发，随行有通译马欢，绕过阿拉伯半岛，首次航行东非麻林迪，永乐十三年七月初八（1415年8月12日）回国。同年11月，麻林迪特使来中国进献「麒麟」（即长颈鹿）[6]。第四次下西洋人数据载有27670人。
第五次下西洋
永乐十五年五月（1417年6月）出发，随行有蒲寿庚的后代蒲日和，途经泉州，到占城、爪哇，最远到达东非木骨都束、卜喇哇、麻林等国家，永乐十七年七月十七（1419年8月8日）回国。
第六次下西洋
永乐十九年正月三十日（1421年3月3日）出发，往榜葛剌（孟加拉），史载「於镇东洋中，官舟遭大风，掀翻欲溺，舟中喧泣，急叩神求佑，言未毕，……风恬浪静」，中道返回，永乐二十年八月十八（1422年9月2日）回国。永乐二十二年，明成祖去世，仁宗朱高炽即位，以经济空虚，下令停止下西洋的行动。
第七次下西洋
宣德五年闰十二月初六（1431年1月从龙江关（今南京下关）启航，返航后，郑和因劳累过度於宣德八年（1433年）四月初在印度西海岸古里去世，遗体埋葬於古里[7]，船队由太监王景弘率领返航，宣德八年七月初六（1433年7月22日）返回南京。第七次下西洋人数据载有27550人。
[编辑] 目的
郑和下西洋的目的，目前不同的历史学家有不同的看法。
[编辑] 耀兵海外，宣扬朱棣天下观
《明史·郑和传》中记曰：「成祖疑惠帝亡海外，欲觅踪迹，且欲耀兵异域，示中国富强。」
[编辑] 寻找建文帝
明代多种文献认为：郑和下西洋是为了寻找建文帝的下落。
《明史•郑和传》中记曰：「成祖疑惠帝亡海外，欲觅踪迹」。
《西山杂志•三宝太监下西洋》「永乐三年成祖疑惠帝南逃，命中官郑和、王景弘、张文等造大船百艘，率军二万七千余」。
顾起元《客座赘语·宝船厂》：「宝船之役，时有谓健文帝入海上诸国，假此踪迹之」。
[编辑] 包抄帖木儿帝国
历史学家向达、尚钺提出郑和下西洋是针对帖木儿帝国[8]，联合印度包抄帖木儿帝国后方，牵制其东进[9]。明初时，帖木尔帝国进攻明朝，因此从海外包抄是郑和的一个主要目的。
Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. Emperor Yongle designed them to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to extend the tributary system, by which Chinese dynasties traditionally recognized foreign peoples.
Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces that undertook these expeditions. Zheng He's first voyage consisted of a fleet of perhaps 300 ships[6] (other sources say 200)[7] holding almost 28,000 crewmen. These were probably mainly large six-masted ships - it is now thought that the large and flat nine-masted "treasure ships" were probably river ships used by the Emperor.
On the first three voyages, Zheng He visited southeast Asia, India, and Ceylon (today known as Sri Lanka). The fourth expedition went to the Persian Gulf and Arabia, and later expeditions ventured down the east African coast, as far as Malindi in what is now Kenya. Unspecified officials have reportedly endorsed the theory, so far unproven, that one of Zheng He's ships foundered on the rocks near Lamu island, off the coast of today's Kenya, with survivors swimming ashore, marrying locals and creating a family of Chinese-Africans that is now being reunited with the Chinese motherland [9]. Throughout his travels, Zheng He liberally dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, porcelain, and other goods. In return, he received rich and unusual presents from his hosts, including African zebras and giraffes that ended their days in the Ming imperial zoo. Zheng He and his company paid respects to local deities and customs, and in Ceylon they erected a monument honouring Buddha, Allah, and Vishnu.
Zheng He generally sought to attain his goals through diplomacy, and his large army awed most would-be enemies into submission. But a contemporary reported that Zheng He "walked like a tiger", and did not shrink from violence when he considered it necessary to impress foreign peoples with China's military might. He ruthlessly suppressed pirates who had long plagued Chinese and southeast Asian waters. He also intervened in a civil disturbance in order to establish his authority in Ceylon, and he made displays of military force when local officials threatened his fleet in Arabia and East Africa. From his fourth voyage, he brought envoys from thirty states who traveled to China and paid their respects at the Ming court.
In 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. His successor, the Hongxi Emperor (reigned 1424–1425), decided to curb the influence at court. Zheng He made one more voyage under the Xuande Emperor (reigned 1426–1435), but after that Chinese treasure ship fleets ended. Zheng He died during the treasure fleet's last voyage. Although he has a tomb in China, it is empty: he was, like many great admirals, buried at sea. [10]
Zheng He, on his seven voyages, successfully relocated large numbers of Chinese Muslims to Malacca, Palembang, Surabaya and other places and Malacca became the center of Islamic learning and also a large international Islamic trade center of the southern seas.
His missions showed impressive demonstrations of organizational capability and technological might, but did not lead to significant trade, since Zheng He was an admiral and an official, not a merchant. Chinese merchants continued to trade in Japan and southeast Asia, but Imperial officials gave up any plans to maintain a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean and even destroyed most of the nautical charts that Zheng He had carefully prepared.[citation needed] The decommissioned treasure ships sat in harbors until they rotted away, and Chinese craftsmen forgot the technology of building such large vessels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He
郑和下西洋
1405年7月11日（明永乐三年）明成祖命郑和率领庞大的二百四十多海船、二万七千四百名船员组成的船队远航，访问了30多个在西太平洋和印度洋的国家和地区，加深了中国同东南亚、东非的相互了解。每次都由苏州刘家港出发，一直到1433年（明宣德8年），他一共远航了有八次之多。最后一次，宣德八年四月回程到古里时，在船上因病过世。民间故事《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》将他的旅行探险称之为三宝太监下西洋。
郑和曾到达过爪哇、苏门答腊、苏禄、彭亨、真腊、古裏、暹罗、榜葛剌、阿丹、天方、左法尔、忽鲁谟斯、木骨都束等三十多个国家，最远曾达非洲东岸，红海、麦加，并有可能到过澳洲.
第一次下西洋
永乐三年六月十五（1405年7月11日）奉诏出使西洋。同年冬，从南京龙江港启航，经太仓出海，永乐五年九月初二（1407年10月2日）回国。第一次下西洋人数据载有27800人。
第二次下西洋
永乐五年九月十三日（1407年10月13日）出发，到达汶莱、泰国、柬埔寨、印度等地，在锡兰山迎请佛牙，随船带回，永乐七年夏（1409年）回国。第二次下西洋人数据载有27000人。
第三次下西洋
永乐七年九月（1409年10月）从太仓刘家港启航，姚广孝、费信、马欢等人会同前往，到达越南、马来西亚、印度等地，回国途中访锡兰山，永乐九年六月十六（1411年7月6日）回国。
第四次下西洋
永乐十一年十一月（1413年11月）出发，随行有通译马欢，绕过阿拉伯半岛，首次航行东非麻林迪，永乐十三年七月初八（1415年8月12日）回国。同年11月，麻林迪特使来中国进献「麒麟」（即长颈鹿）[6]。第四次下西洋人数据载有27670人。
第五次下西洋
永乐十五年五月（1417年6月）出发，随行有蒲寿庚的后代蒲日和，途经泉州，到占城、爪哇，最远到达东非木骨都束、卜喇哇、麻林等国家，永乐十七年七月十七（1419年8月8日）回国。
第六次下西洋
永乐十九年正月三十日（1421年3月3日）出发，往榜葛剌（孟加拉），史载「於镇东洋中，官舟遭大风，掀翻欲溺，舟中喧泣，急叩神求佑，言未毕，……风恬浪静」，中道返回，永乐二十年八月十八（1422年9月2日）回国。永乐二十二年，明成祖去世，仁宗朱高炽即位，以经济空虚，下令停止下西洋的行动。
第七次下西洋
宣德五年闰十二月初六（1431年1月从龙江关（今南京下关）启航，返航后，郑和因劳累过度於宣德八年（1433年）四月初在印度西海岸古里去世，遗体埋葬於古里[7]，船队由太监王景弘率领返航，宣德八年七月初六（1433年7月22日）返回南京。第七次下西洋人数据载有27550人。
[编辑] 目的
郑和下西洋的目的，目前不同的历史学家有不同的看法。
[编辑] 耀兵海外，宣扬朱棣天下观
《明史·郑和传》中记曰：「成祖疑惠帝亡海外，欲觅踪迹，且欲耀兵异域，示中国富强。」
[编辑] 寻找建文帝
明代多种文献认为：郑和下西洋是为了寻找建文帝的下落。
《明史•郑和传》中记曰：「成祖疑惠帝亡海外，欲觅踪迹」。
《西山杂志•三宝太监下西洋》「永乐三年成祖疑惠帝南逃，命中官郑和、王景弘、张文等造大船百艘，率军二万七千余」。
顾起元《客座赘语·宝船厂》：「宝船之役，时有谓健文帝入海上诸国，假此踪迹之」。
[编辑] 包抄帖木儿帝国
历史学家向达、尚钺提出郑和下西洋是针对帖木儿帝国[8]，联合印度包抄帖木儿帝国后方，牵制其东进[9]。明初时，帖木尔帝国进攻明朝，因此从海外包抄是郑和的一个主要目的。
参考资料：http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C#.E9.84.AD.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.8B.E8.A5.BF.E6.B4.8B
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