The Nature of StressWe are often faced with stressors that are outside of our control, fro

The Nature of Stress
We are often faced with stressors that are outside of our control, from rare natural disasters to everyday traffic jams. There is a good deal of evidence that uncontrollable events are particularly stressful. This has been shown in studies of “executive rats,” in which two rats receive exactly the same electric shock, but one is given a lever（杠杆）that could be used to turn the shock off after it occurs. Over a long series of such trials, the partner rat, helpless to do anything about its pain, is more likely to develop ulcers (溃疡) than is the “executive”.
Stress is mostly caused by uncertain events. Uncertainty about an event makes it more disturbing. One study found that subjects who were told that they had a 5 percent chance of receiving an electric shock were actually more uneasy than those who were told that they had a 50 percent chance.
People make various attempts to deal with their stress---removing the cause of the stress, seeking the support of friends or reinterpreting the situation to make it seem less unpleasant. Richard Lazarus and his colleagues have made a useful distinction between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Problem-focused strategies are those aimed at doing something to change the problem causing the stress. Emotion-focused strategies tend to regulate our distressing emotional responses.
Psychologists Susan Folkman and Richard Lazarus examined undergraduate students’ coping strategies at three time periods---two days before a midterm examination, a week later two days before the grades were announced, and five days after the grades were posted. Before the exam, students tended to use such problem-focused strategies as studying---a guaranteed way to reduce the potential problems. After the exam, when their fates were sealed, if they sought out others, it was usually for emotional support.
Like other animals, humans have always been safer in groups. Besides physical protection, people provide emotional support that can reduce the psychological and physiological symptoms of stress. A lack of support can increase our susceptibility（敏感性） to illness. For instance, short-term loneliness is associated with a decrease in immune response（免疫应答）. In contrast, people who have strong social ties are usually more resistant to disease. For instance, after being diagnosed as having a life threatening disease, married people are likely to survive longer than unmarried people.
People may provide appraisal support, helping us to evaluate and clarify how serious a problem is. If a professor tells you that he had also failed his first college algebra exam, the consequences of your failure will seem less devastating. Others can also provide informational support, giving advice about how to deal with the problem. Finally, friends and relatives may give us instrumental support, providing material goods or services to overcome the stress. If your father lends you some money when your car breaks down, you can stop tearing your hair out and just fix it.
Title：The Nature of Stress
【小题1】 makes
people more stressed
Events that can’t be 【小题2】 are more stressful.
Events that are【小题3】 will make animals or people more stressed.
How to 【小题4】 stress
● Remove the cause of the stress.
●【小题5】 to friends for help.
● Reinterpret the situation.
Do something to change the problem that 【小题6】 the stress.
Regulate our distressing emotional responses.
Effects of social
support
Support and protection from society make people feel less【小题7】 .
Strong social ties make people both physically and 【小题8】 healthy.
Types of social support
Appraisal support 【小题9】 evaluate and clarify a problem.
Informational support gives advice on how to solve a problem.
Instrumental support provides material goods or services to get【小题10】 the stress.
What

(答案→)What 解析：本文叙述了关于压力的来源，如何缓解压力，给出了一些建议，也谈到了社会支持的影响及社会支持的种类。【小题1】根据整篇短文的大意可知人们有压力的原因，这里缺少主语，故用What作主语。【小题2】根据that uncontrollable events are particularly stressful.故用controlled / controled.【小题3】根据Stress is mostly caused by uncertain events 故用uncertain.【小题4】根据seeking the support of friends，这里是短语turn sb for help向某人求助， 故用Turn【小题5】根据如何处理压力，故用handle处理。【小题6】根据doing something to change the problem causing the stress. 故用causes.【小题7】根据来自社会的支持和保护使人们感到有更少的孤独，故用lonely.【小题8】根据Besides physical protection, people provide emotional support that can reduce the psychological and physiological symptoms of stress.身体和精神上，故用emotionally / mentally.【小题9】根据People may provide appraisal support, helping us to evaluate and clarify how serious a problem is. 故用helps.【小题10】根据providing material goods or services to overcome the stress.故用over.

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