The idea of “law” exists in every culture. All societies have some kind of law to keep or

The idea of “law” exists in every culture. All societies have some kind of law to keep order and to control the interactions of people with those around them. The laws of any culture tell people three things: what they can do (their right), what they must do (their duties), and what they may not do. In addition, there are usually specific types of punishment for those who break the law.
Although all societies have laws, not all have the same idea of justice—which is “right” and “wrong” and how “wrong” should be punished. In most Western cultures, it is thought that punishing criminals will prevent them from committing other crimes. Also, it is hoped that the fear of punishment will act as a deterrent(威慑) that prevents other people from committing similar crimes; in other words, people who are considering a life of crime will decide against it because of fear of punishment. In most non-Western cultures, by contrast, punishment is not seen as a deterrent. Instead, great importance is placed on restoring balance in the situation. A thief, for example, may be ordered to return the things he has stolen instead of, as in Western societies, spending time in prison.
Another difference in the concept of justice lies in various societies’ ideas of what laws are. In the West, people consider “laws” quite different from “customs”. There is also a great contrast between “sins” (breaking religious laws) and “crimes” (breaking laws of the government). In many non-Western cultures, on the other hand, there is little separation of customs, laws, and religious beliefs; in other cultures, these three may be quite separate from one another, but still very much different from those in the West. For these reasons, an action may be considered a crime in one country, but be socially acceptable in others. For instance, although a thief is viewed as a criminal in much of the world, in a small village where there is considerable communal（公共的） living and sharing of objects, the word thief may have little meaning. Someone who has taken something without asking is simply considered an impolite person.
Most countries have two kinds of law: criminal and civil. People who have been accused of acts such as murder or theft are heard in the criminal justice system, while civil justice deals with people who are believed to have violated others’ rights. The use of the civil system reflects the values of the society in which it exists. In the United States where personal, individual justice is considered very important, civil law has become “big business.” There are over 600,000 lawyers in the United States, and many of them keep busy with civil lawsuits; that is, they work for people who want to sue others. If a man falls over a torn rug in a hotel and breaks his arm, for instance, he might decide to sue the hotel owners so that they will pay his medical costs. In a country like Japan, by contrast, there is very little use of the civil justice system. Lawsuits are not very popular in Japan, where social harmony is even more important than individual rights, and where people would rather reach agreement outside court.
【小题1】 The main point of paragraph 1 is that .A．all societies, Western or non-Western, have some kind of law to keep order.B．most countries in the world have two kinds of law “criminal and civil ”C．there are usually specific types of punishment for those who break the law.D．the laws of any culture dictate people’s rights, duties and what they are not supposed to do【小题2】 Which is TRUE in most Western cultures?A．Punishment has double functions.B．A thief may be referred to as an impolite person.C．Punishment is not regarded as a deterrent.D．There is lots of communal living and sharing of objects.【小题3】Which statement is NOT true according to the article?A．In the West, people think laws and customs are rather different.B．In the West, there is little difference between “sins” and “crimes”.C．An action that is considered a crime in one country may be socially acceptable in another.D．There is far less use of the civil justice system in Japan than in the United States.【小题4】Which of the following cases are not heard in the criminal justice system?A．Robbing a pedestrian.B．Kidnapping people for ransom.C．Breaking into a bank.D．Failing to pay back the money.D

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