求讲几个英语单词
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一. in, to, on和off在方位名词前的区别
1. in表示A地在B地范围之内。如:
Taiwan is in the southeast of China.
2. to表示A地在B地范围之外,即二者之间有距离间隔。如:
Japan lies to the east of China.
3. on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻。如:
North Korea is on the east of China.
4. off表示“离……一些距离或离……不远的海上”。如:
They arrived at a house off the main road.
New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia.
二. at, in, on, by和through在表示时间上的区别
1. at指时间表示:
(1)时间的一点、时刻等。如:
They came home at sunrise (at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak, at dawn).
(2)较短暂的一段时间。可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。如:
He went home at Christmas (at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night).
2. in指时间表示:
(1)在某个较长的时间(如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等)内。如:
in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening, etc
(2)在一段时间之后。一般情况下,用于将来时,谓语动词为瞬间动词,意为“在……以后”。如:
He will arrive in two hours.
谓语动词为延续性动词时,in意为“在……以内”。如:
These products will be produced in a month.
注意:after用于将来时间也指一段时间之后,但其后的时间是“一点”,而不是“一段”。如:
He will arrive after two o’clock.
3. on指时间表示:
(1)具体的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如:
On Christmas Day(On May 4th), there will be a celebration.
(2)在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如:
He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th.
(3)准时,按时。如:
If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.
4. by指时间表示:
(1)不迟于,在(某时)前。如:
He will come by six o’clock.
Jack had made some friends by the time you came.
(2)在……间,在……的时候。如:
He worked by day and slept by night.
5. through指时间意为“从……开始到结束”,此时与throughout相同。如:
We work hard all through the year.
三. near, by, beside, at表示“在……附近”时的区别
1. near表示相对的近,实际距离可能还很远。如:
Suzhou is near Shanghai.
2. by和beside都表示靠近,实际距离不可能很远,但beside比by更具体地表示出“在……旁边”的意思。如:
He was sitting beside her.
3. at也有“在旁边”的意思,但多表示有目的的行为所处的位置,而by和beside仅表示位置关系。如:
The students are sitting at the desks listening to the teacher.
Several students are sitting by / beside the window talking about a film.
四. at, in和on表示地点时的区别
1. at表示地点:
(1)用于指较小的地方。如:
I shall wait for you at the station.
(2)用于门牌号码前。如:
He lives at 115 Zhongshan Road.
2. in表示地点:
(1)用于指较大的地方。如:
He lives in Shanghai.
(2)虽然是很小的地方,如果说话人住在那里,也可用in。商店、学校、机关等,若看作一个地点(point)用at,若看作一个场所(place)用in。如:
I met him at the post-office.
I’m now working in the post-office.
3. on表示地点,一般指与面或线接触,意为“在……上;在……旁”。如:
The picture was hanging on the wall.
New York is on the Hudson River.
五. besides, except, except for, but表示“除……外”之间的区别
1. besides表示“除了……以外,还有……”,具有附加性质。如:
Besides Mr Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)
注意:besides用于否定句中时,与except, but同义,可互换。如:
We have no other books besides / except these.
2. except表示“……除外”,具有排它性质。如:
We all went to see the film except Mr Wang.(王先生没去)
3. except for表示“除了……”,即表示除去整体中的一部分。如:
The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes.
4. but意为“除了”,与except同义,except强调被排除的部分,but则强调整句的内容,常修饰否定意义的代词。如:
Nobody knew it but me.
六. above, over, on, up表示“在……上”之间的区别
1. above指“……上方”,表示相对高度,不一定在正上方,其反义词为below。如:
We’re flying above the clouds.
2. over指“在……正上方”,表示垂直上方,其反义词为under。如:
The bridge is over the river.
3. on表示“在……上面”,与物体表面接触,与beneath相对。如:
There is a map on the wall.
The earth felt soft beneath our feet.
4. up表示动作的方向往上,反义词为down。如:
Please hang the picture up.
七. by, through, with表示“方式、方法、手段”之间的区别
1. by表方式:
(1)表示以一般的方法或方式。如:
No one in those days could live by writing poems.
(2)表示传达、传递的方式或煤介。如:
How did you send the letter, by airmail or by ordinary mail?
(3)表示用交通工具、通讯工具后接名词单数,不加冠词。如:
He came by train, but his wife came by bus.
注意下面两句的区别:
Did you come by train?
Did you come in his car / on my bike?
“by +抽象名词”构成的词组有:by accident / by chance / by diligence / by effort / by force / by heart / by luck / by mistake / by hard work.
2. through表示“以;通过;经由”。如:
He succeeded through hard work.
3. with表示方式
(1)表示行为方式,意为“以;带着;用”。如:
We are well provided with food and clothing.
(2)表示使用具体的工具或手段。如:
He writes with a pen.
注意:在表示手段时,by, through, with有时也可换用,但with的意思更明确。如:
Through / By / With his efforts he succeeded in making so many useful inventions.
八. through, with, from, for, at表示原因的区别
1. through表示原因,作“因为”解,常和neglect, carelessness, mistake, fault等词连用,表示偶然或消极的原因,如疏忽、过错、不慎等。如:
He cut himself through carelessness.
The experiment failed through one fault of ours.
2. with表示原因,指由于外界而影响到内部,意为“因为;由于”。如:
The little girl was shivering with cold.
3.
from表示动机、疲劳、痛苦、死亡等原因。如:
She did it from a sense of duty.
4. for常表示为了某一目的、事业的原因。如:
Forgive me for keeping you waiting.
5. at表示原因,指“听到;看到;想到”等。如:
At the news they felt very glad.
九. 介词的搭配方式
1. 介词可与名词搭配。如:answer to, key to, the reason for, the cause of, advice on, by means of, lack of, a picture of等。
2. 介词可与形容词搭配。如:be afraid of, be active in, be tired of, be bored with, be prepared for, be suitable for, be familiar to / with, be free from等。
3. 介词可与动词搭配。如:talk about, prevent…from, belong to, get over, depend on, object to, refer to, look forward to, make up for, devote to等。
- 1楼网友:长青诗
- 2021-04-29 10:34
A above和over
above(介词和副词)和 over(介词)两者的含义都是 higher than(高于),有时可以互换使用:
The helicopter hovered above/over us.
直升机在我们的上空盘旋。
Flags waved above/over our heads.
旗帜在我们头顶上方飘扬。
但 over还可以表示覆盖(covering),在对面(on the other side of),横过(across),从一边到另一边(from one side to the oth- er):
We put a rug over him.
我们往他身上盖了一块小毛毯。
He lives over the mountain.
他住在山的那一边。
There is a bridge over the river.
河上有一座桥。
all over+ 名词/代词意为“在每一部分”:
He has friends all over the world.
他的朋友遍天下。
above则不可能有上述这些意思。
over还可有“多于”或“高于”的意思。
above只有“高于”的意思。
over和 above都可指较高的职位。但 He is over me通常表示
He is my immediate superior(他是我的顶头上司),He super- vises my work(他督导我的工作)。above则不一定有此含义。
如果河上有一座桥,above the bridge的意思是upstream(在桥的上游)。
over可与meals(饭)/food食物)/drink(饮料)等连用:
They had a chat over a cup of tea.
他们喝茶时聊着天。
在take+表示时间的词语+over+名词/代词结构中,over可意为to do/finish(去做/完成)等:
He doesn′t take bug over lunch/to eat his lunch.
他吃午饭没花多长时间。
He took ages over the job.
他花了很长时间才干完那件事。(他花了很久才完成它。)
above也可作形容词或副词,意为“前文中的”(在图书或文章等中):
the above address上述地址(前面提到过的地址)
see B above参见上文B(前面提到过的B)
B below和under
below(介词和副词)和under(介词)两者的含义都是lower than(低于),有时可以互换使用,但under可以表示contact(接触):
She put the letter under the pillow.
她把信放在枕头下。
The ice crackled under his feet.
冰在他的脚下劈啪作响。
below通常表示在两个表面之间有一定的间隔:
They live below us.
他们住我们楼下。(例如,我们住在第五层,他们住在四层。)
同样:
We live above them.
我们住在他们的楼上。(参见上面A。)
below和under可以指junior in rank(职位较低)。但He is under me(他是我的手下)意指I am his immediate superior(我是他的顶头上司)。below则不一定有此含义。
(over和under都可用做副词,但含义不同。)
C 有时beneath可用来代替under,但用它来表示抽象含义而不用它表示具体的位置上下则更为稳妥:
He would think it beneath him to tell a lie.
他认为说谎有失于他的身份。
She married beneath her.
她嫁给了一位社会地位比她低的人。(进了较低的社会阶层)
D beside,between,behind,in front of,opposite 试设想戏院的一排排座位A,B,C等,A排靠舞台最近。
这可以用下面的说法表示:
Tom is beside Ann;Mary is beside Bob,etc.
汤姆在安旁边;玛丽在鲍勃旁边(依此类推)。
Ann is between Tom and Bill;Bob is between Mary and Jane.
安在汤姆和比尔之间;鲍勃在玛丽和珍妮之间。
Mary is behind Tom;Tom is in front of Mary.
玛丽在汤姆后面;汤姆在玛丽前面。
但如果汤姆和玛丽正在吃饭,汤姆坐在桌子的一边,玛丽坐在另一边,我们就不用in front of,而说:
Tom is sitting opposite Mary.
汤姆坐在玛丽对面。
Tom is facing Mary.
汤姆面向玛丽。
但He stood in front of me(他站在我的前面)既可以指He stood with his back to me(他背朝我我站着),也可以指He faced me(他面向着我)。
住在街道一边的人讲到街道另一边的房子时说the houses op- posite us(我们对面的房子),而不说the houses in front of us(在我们前面的房子)。
对于其他事物,这些限制都不适用:
She put the plate on the table in front of him.
她把盘子放在他面前桌子上。
She sat with a book in front of her.
她坐着,面前放着一本书。
—Where′s the bank?
—There it is,just in front of you!
—银行在哪里?
—在那里,就在你前面!
There′s a car-park in front of/at the back of the hotel.
旅馆的前面/后面有一个停车场。
E 不要混淆beside和besides。
beside(=at the side of在……的旁边):
We camped beside a lake.
我们在一个湖边野营。
besides(介词)意为in addition to(此外)/as well as(又……):
I do all the cooking and besides that I help Tom.
我包做饭,此外我还帮助汤姆。
Besides doing the cooking I help Tom.
除了做饭之外我还帮助汤姆。
besides(副词)意为(a)in addition to that(此外)/as well as that(又……):
I do the cooking and help Tom besides.
我除了做饭还要帮助汤姆。
和(b)in any case(在任何情况下)/anyway(无论如何,反正):
We can′t afford oysters.Besides,Tom doesn′t like them.
我们买不起牡蛎;再说汤姆也不喜欢吃。
F between和among
between常常表示一个人/物与其他两个人/物之间的关系。但是,当我们心目中已有了一个确定的数字,between也可以用来表示在更多的人/物之间:
Luxemburg lies between Belgiun,Germany and France.
卢森堡位于比利时、德国和法国之间。
among表示一个人/物与其他两个以上的人/物间的关系;在正常情况下我们心目中并无确定的数目:
He was happy to be among friends again.
他很高兴又回到朋友们中来了。
a village among the hills 一个群山环绕的村庄
G with也可以在上面最后一句中用来代替among。当然,它也可以和一个单数宾语连用:
He was with a friend.
他和一个朋友在一起。
其他用法的举例如下:
He cut it with a knife.
他用小刀切它。
Don′t touch it with bare hands.
不要赤手去摸它。
The mountains were covered with snow.
大雪覆盖着群山。
I have no money with me/on me.
我身上没有钱。
He fought/quarrelled with everyone.
他跟每个人都打过架/吵过嘴。
用于描述事物时:
the girl with red hair那个红头发的女孩
the boy with his hands in his pockets把双手插在口袋里的那个男孩
the man with his back to the camera/with his feet on his desk那个背对着照相机的/脚搁在桌子上的男人
H but和except(介词)
这两个介词具有同样的意思,并且可以互换使用。
but更常用在介词+宾语结构在句子中直接跟在nobody(没人)/none(没有任何人或事物)/nothing(什么也没有)/nowhere(什么地方也不)等之后时:
Nobody but Tom knew the way.
只有汤姆认得路。
Nothing but the best is sold in our shops.
本店所售商品均属精品。
句子中介词短语位于较后的位置时,常用except:
Nobody knew the way except Tom.
在all(全体,一切)/everybody(大家)/everyone(每一个人)/everything(每一件事)/everywhere(任何地方)等之后,也常用except。在anybody(任何人)/anything(任何事)/any- where(任何地方)等之后but比except更表示强调:
You can park anywhere but/except here.
你在哪儿停车都行,就是不能在这里停放车子。
but和except后面跟不带to的动词不定式。(
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