定语从句的概念及用法

定语从句的概念及用法

英语基础语法——定语从句

■有关定语从句的概念
(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：
This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。
说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。
说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。
■关系代词的一般用法
先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)
I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）
This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。
■关系副词的一般用法
关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词＋which”代替，why可用for which代替。如：
There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.　北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。
(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)
比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)
(2) I’ll never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)
比较：I’ll never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)
(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)
比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)

我用自己的话解释给你听吧，希望对你有用。 首先，从句可以简单理解为是一个句子。 其次，定语就是修饰语，相当于汉语中形容词的意思。宾语就是所陈述的对象。 定语从句就是一个具有修饰功能的句子，通常用于名词性的单词后： 定语从句就是充当一个句子的宾语成分的句子。 通常置于它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词或关系副词。关系代词在句子中作主语，宾语，定语。关系副词在句子中只能作状语。 The student who answered the question was John.( who answered the question 是关系代词who 引导的定语从句，用以修饰who的先行词student.who在从句中做主语） The room which served for studio was bare and dusty.这个用作工作室的房间空荡荡的，布满灰尘。 A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.失去父母的孩子叫做孤儿。 I know the reason why he was so angry.我知道他这么生气的原因。

定语从句（attributive clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语） the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语） 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： there are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 beijing is the place where (in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。 is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： his father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。