except except for apart from in addition to 的区别

except except for apart from in addition to 的区别
besides 后为什么不可接that呢?
这几个词 怎样才能搞清楚呢?
我老师说besides 后不可接that，可我不知道为什么
我是这样想的
besides that+句子
besides （介词）+that（代词）
不可以吗

1.四者区别如下：
1）except指同类排除,即前后名词属于同一属性.
如：All the students went there except Tom.
其中students和Tom为同一属性.
2）except for指整体中的细节修正,即前后名词为整体/局部的关系.
如：The house is nice except for the chimney.
The article is well written except for some spelling mistakes.
其中的the house和the chimney,the article和some spelling mistakes之间就是整体和局部的关系.
3）in addition to = besides指内部互斥,即前后名词可以合为一个整体.
如：The other students also went there besides/in addition to Tom.
其中的the other students和Tom可以合为the students,并且“两部分都去了”.
4）apart from就比较复杂了.
apart from = in addition to/besides + except (for)
也就是说apart from兼有上述三种用法.
5）所谓besides不能加that,是指besides不能加上that引导的宾语从句,但是except可以加上that/when/what引导的从句.
原因就在于,能加that引导的宾语从句的介词很少,一般只有except/in.
如：The girl is very beautiful except that her hair is a little grey.
I walk to school every day except when it rains.
I believe you except what you told me just now.