求够大学英语毕业论文

A Contrastive Study of Courtesy Language in English and Chinese
英汉礼貌用语对比研究

I
Contents
Abstract in Chinese
Abstract in English
Chapter I Introduction………………………………………………………………1
Chapter II A Review of Literature on Courtesy Language Studies……………….2
2.1 Definitions of Politeness in English and Chinese………………………………2
2.2 Indirect Speech Acts Theory and Courtesy Language……………………….…3
2.3 Cooperative Principle and Courtesy Language…………………………………3
Chapter III Cultural Influences on Courtesy Language…………………….……6
3.1 Two Different Cultures………………………………………………………….6
3.1.1 Confucianism…………………………………………………………….6
3.1.2 Christianity……………………………………………………………….7
3.2 Politeness Principle:Chinese vs English……………………………………..8
3.2.1 Politeness Principle of Chinese………………………………………….8
3.2.2 Politeness Principle of English……………………………………….10
3.3 Age Value:Chinese vs English……………………………………………12
3.4 Face Theory:English vs Chinese………………………………………….12
3.4.1 Face Theory in English………………………………………………..13
3.4.2 Face Theory in Chinese………………………………………………….13
Chapter IV A Contrastive Study of Courtesy Language in Chinese and English
………………………………………………………………………………………..15
4.1 Terms of Address…………………………………………………………….15
4.1.1 Kinship Terms…………………………………………………….…..15
4.1.2 Non-kinship terms……………………………………………………….17
4.2 Greetings……………………………………………………………………..19
4.2.1 Purposes of Greetings……………………………………………………..19
4.2.2 Contents of Greetings……………………………………………….…..20
4.2.3 Forms of Greetings………………………………………………………..21
4.3 Congratulations………………………………………………………………22
4.4 Appreciations and Apologies…………………………………………………..23
Chapter V Mutual Influences of Courtesy Language between the Two LanguagesII
………………………………………………………………………………………..24
5.1 Influence of English Courtesy Language on Chinese………………………..24
5.2 Influence of Chinese Courtesy Language on English………………………..24
Chapter VI Pragmatic Failure in Courtesy Language……………………………….25
Chapter VII Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..28
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………30III
英汉礼貌用语对比研究
年级：2003研究生：卜晓阳导师：李冬梅副教授何瑞镛教授
学科专业：英语语言文学研究方向：特殊用途英语
摘要
本文主要从文化角度对英汉礼貌用语进行对比研究。
近年来由于对外交流的不断发展，人们对于外语知识的渴求也在不断地增
长。但是如果人们不了解英汉两种语言的异同--特别在礼貌用语方面，在交际中
可能会出现一些误解，影响具有两种语言背景人们之间的交流，也影响语言学习
者对语言的掌握。
礼貌是一种社会现象，它普遍存在于各国语言中，但由于文化价值差异和语
用习惯的不同，人们对礼貌的理解、处理和运用方式各不相同。在跨文化交际中，
我们应该注意到不同文化的内涵，否则容易引起交际中的语用失误。
中国文化和英美文化被视为东西方文化的代表。中国文化深受儒家思想的影
响，强调人的社会性、集体精神,强化社会、集体对人的约束。而英美社会中，
人们推崇的是个人主义，讲究个人拥有不受他人干扰的权利和自由，个人利益神
圣不可侵犯。
语言是文化的一部分，受到文化的影响，是文化的一面镜子。因此礼貌用语
作为语言的一部分与文化也是密不可分的。英汉文化不同，英汉语言的礼貌原则
也存在差异。汉语礼貌原则的最大特点是"自卑尊人"，通过贬低自己表示对别人
的礼貌；英语礼貌原则被概括为六对"尽量多，尽量少"。英语礼貌原则与汉语礼
貌原则的最大差异是它没有称呼准则。西方人受基督教的影响，追求平等自由，
因此他们不象中国人在称呼上如此讲究身份和地位的差异。这些特点在双方的礼
貌用语里都得到了充分的体现。
礼貌用语主要通过以下几种形式出现，称谓语，问候语，祝福语，感谢语，
道歉语等。受不同文化的影响，英汉礼貌用语在上述的形式中也存在差异。英汉
称谓语的最大差异在于汉语称谓语丰富而复杂，而英语称谓语简单而粗疏；汉语
把亲属称谓泛化到了亲属关系之外的范围，而在英语中却没有这种现象。英美人
交谈忌讳涉及年龄、收入、婚姻、信仰等有关个人的话题，见面时喜欢谈论天气；
汉语问候语常谈家常，几乎无所顾忌，越琐碎越显得关系亲近，见面时喜欢问"
吃了吗/去哪"。身势问候语是问候语的一部分，但这方面的研究远远不及言语问IV
候语，还有待于深入探索。汉语的祝福语比英语的要多，特别是关于春节的祝福
语。作为一个敬老的国家，汉语里对老人的祝福语非常丰富；英语国家的人很忌
讳"老"，所以几乎没有这方面的祝福语。汉语感谢语的使用没有英语那么频繁，
特别是家人和好友之间几乎不用说"谢谢"；英语感谢语却随时可见，使用范围非
常广，包括家人，朋友和同事等。
随着中国和西方国家交流的不断深入，双方不仅在经济方面相互渗透，语言
也相互影响，礼貌用语也不例外，尤其英语对汉语的影响。从刚开始见面的"你
好"到再见时说的"拜拜"都是来自英语的礼貌用语。汉语也对英语产生了影响，
特别是Long time no see就是来自汉语的"好久不见"，现在已经被英美人广为接
受。
通过对比研究我们可以看出，文化和语言密切相关。在学习外语的同时，必
须同时了解它的文化。
对文化的不了解会造成交际中的语用失误现象，礼貌用语的语用失误有语用
语言失误和社交语用失误之分。无论是语用语言失误还是社交语用失误都在一定
程度上体现了文化对语言的影响。
关键词:对比研究；礼貌用语；间接言语行为；合作原则；文化；礼貌原则；
面子V
A Contrastive Study of Courtesy Language in English and
Chinese
Postgraduate:Pu Xiaoyang Supervisor:Associate Professor Li Dongmei
Professor He Ruiyong
Abstract
This thesis is an attempt to make a contrastive study of courtesy language in
English and Chinese.
With the increasing contact between our country and foreign countries,people's
interests in learning foreign languages and communicating with foreigners have
developed quickly.But if people are not aware of the similarities and the differences
between the two languages,especially in courtesy language,it will cause
misunderstanding in interaction,which not only hinders their communication with
foreigners,but also influences their foreign language learning.
Politeness is a social phenomenon,generally existing in every language.But due
to the differences of cultural values and conventions,people from different culture
may have different understandings about the definition of politeness,and they deal
with politeness in different ways.When communicating with people from different
cultures,one should pay close attention to the connotation due to different culture
values,otherwise it will lead to pragmatic failures in communications.
Chinese culture and English culture are regarded as representatives of the East
and the West.Chinese culture,influenced by Confucianism,underlines human
sociality and collectivity;while in the English-speaking countries,individualism is the
center of social life.People pursue individual rights and freedom,which are holy and
inviolable.
Language,as part of culture,is influenced by culture.So is courtesy language.
Different cultures lead to different politeness principles.The primary characteristic of
Chinese politeness principle is"to denigrate self and to respect others";English
politeness principle has six pairs of"maximize"and"minimize".The most obvious
difference between the two kinds of politeness principle is that English does not have
the address maxim.Influenced by Christianity,westerners stress equality and egoism,VI
and do not underline the varied status and position so much as the Chinese do.These
characteristics are reflected in courtesy language of English and Chinese.
Courtesy language is mainly expressed in the forms of address,greeting,
congratulation,appreciation and apology,which reflect the different cultures.The
biggest difference between English and Chinese term of address is that the Chinese
system is rich and complicated,while the English one is relatively simple;Chinese
term of address often extend beyond family members,as does not seem to happen in
English.Age,income,marriage,and religion,etc.are taboos in English,and people in
English-speaking countries like to talk about weather when they meet each other;
greeting in Chinese almost includes all situations about one's life,the more trifling,
the better.The Chinese are used to greeting"吃了吗？(Have you eaten?)/去哪？
(Where are you going?)"when they meet each other.Non-verbal greeting is a part of
greeting,but the research on it is far from enough.Congratulation in Chinese is much
more than that in English,especially the ones used in the Spring Festival.Being a
senior-respecting country,congratulations for the old are very rich in Chinese,while
in English-speaking countries,"old"is a taboo in the eyes of people,so there are few
such congratulations in English.Appreciation in Chinese is not used as frequently as
that in English.The Chinese do not often say"谢谢(thank you)"to their family or
close friends.Appreciation in English can be heard among family,friends and
colleagues and so on.
Increased communication between China and Western countries leads to mutual
influences on not only economy but also language.There is no exception on courtesy
language,especially influence of English to Chinese.For example,"你好(Hello)"on
meeting and"拜拜(Bye bye)"in departure are from English courtesy language.
English is influenced by Chinese too.For example,"Long time no see"derives from"
好久不见"in Chinese,and it has been accepted by the English.
From the contrastive study of courtesy language,we can find that language is
inextricably bound up with culture.To learn a foreign language,one is expected to
learn its culture at the same time.
Unawareness of culture factor will produce pragmatic failure in communication.
Pragmatic failure in courtesy language can be divided into pragmalinguistic failure
and sociopragmatic failure.Both of them are direct or indirect influences of culture to
language.VII
Key words:contrastive study;courtesy language;indirect speech acts;cooperative

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