关于V-ing放在句尾到底是就近修饰，还是修饰逻辑主语的问题

关于V-ing放在句尾到底是就近修饰，还是修饰逻辑主语的问题

这个问题，这几天碰到了很多这样的题，也看了其他考友问的问题，我也晕乎，发起个贴大家讨论一下哈；

问题1：v-ing放在句尾到底是修饰就近名词，还是作为逻辑主语的modifier？先看几个Og例子：
问题2：在v-ing放在句尾有就近修饰之嫌的时候（理应修饰逻辑主语和谓语），那么在并列句，，例如 and it/they（等代词）是否可以指代到主句的主语？

研究了一些例子之后，对于问题1我的总结是：
1. 如果放在句尾的v-ing与主句行程cause-effort关系，就可以使用，并且不会产生就近修饰的歧义，如果没有形成这个关系，就有修饰歧义
2. 如果是要修饰句尾名词，同位语优先于分词结构；
以上总结是否对？

对于问题2，我还是没有搞清楚，详见下面的下面的疑问，请大牛们对于问题1和问题2帮忙进行总结啊！谢谢

看几个OG的例子和解释：
1. A mutual fund having billions of dollars in assets will typically invest that money in hundreds of companies. rarely holding more than one percent of the shares of any particular corporation.
(A) companies, rarely holding more than one percent
(B) companies, and it is rare to hold at least one percent or more
(C) companies and rarely do they hold more than one percent
(D) companies, so that they rarely hold more than one percent
(E) companies; rarely do they hold one percent or more

这个题的正确答案是A，用v-ing形式跳跃修饰了a mutual fund，属于cause-effort用法（存疑，这属于cause-effort语义吗？），而没有就近修饰comanies之嫌；OG对于B中代词it的解释（不考虑B其他错误）是it的先行词不明确（见OG P759）

2. A new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, citing faulty voting equipment, confusing 
ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, has estimated 4 million to 6 million votes had not been counted of the 100 million votes cast.

这是prep一道题的错误选项，不考虑其他错误，对于划线部分prep的官方解释是：citing有就近修饰election之嫌

3. By 1940, the pilot Jacqueline Cochran held seventeen official national and international speed records, and she earned them at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to be of dangerously experimental design,

(B) earning them at a time that aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to be
OG对错误的B选项的解释是：Here, the word earning takes the pilot herself, not the records, as its subject. However, earning is close to the records, not toJacqueline Cochran, making this sentence hard to process.

4. Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific blends, are known to be important in courtship,apparently assisting flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in distinguishingtheir own species from that of others.

划线部分是正确答案，解释是assisting 修饰了前面整个句子，表示cause-effort。

5. In 1981 children in the United States spent an average of slightly less than two and a halfhours a week doing householdchores; by 1997 they had spent nearly six hours a week.

A. chores; by 1997 they had spent nearly sixhours a week
B. chores; by 1997 that figure had grown tonearly six hoursa week
C. chores, whereas nearly six hours a week were spent in 1997
D. chores, compared with a figure of nearly sixhours a week in 1997
E. chores, that figure growing to nearly sixhours a week in 1997

正确答案是A，疑问：按照第1题OG对于B的解释，在这道题里面they为什么可以指代children呢？

6. In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used by the male for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve as an approximate thermometer.
(A) for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve
(B) for attracting females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, which can in fact serve
(C) in attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact possibly serving
(D) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and it can in fact serve
(E) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact possibly serving
正确答案是D，这里E选项中用了v-ing形式错误的修饰了temperature，这点可以理解，疑问：但是D选项中 and it can in fact中的it，参照第1题对于B的解释，it为什么可以指代the number of chirps呢？